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Chapter 4: The Roman Republic I. Beginning of Roman Civilization Geographic Features • Italian Peninsula – Farming • Apennine Mountains • Mare Nostrum Early Inhabitants • • • • Latins Phoenicians Greeks Etruscans Founding of Rome • On the Tiber River – Palatine Hill • “League of the Seven Hills” – Beginning of the city of Rome • Romulus and Remus Early Society and Government • Family – Basic unit of early Roman society – Small, self-sufficient community – Father was sole authority Early Society and Government • Clan • Tribe • Two social classes – Patricians: aristocracy – Plebeians: common people Early Society and Government • Monarchy – King was chief priest, commander of army, and administrator of justice – Imperium – Fasces – Senate Chapter 4: The Roman Republic II. The Early Roman Republic Establishment • Republic established in 509 BC • Consuls • Senate – Most important and powerful • Assembly of Centuries – Senate had veto power Struggle Within the Republic • Patricians dominated – Plebeians had few privileges and little voice in government • Concessions gained: – Plebiscites – Tribune • Veto Struggle Within the Republic • Laws – Tablets hung in the Roman Forum – Law of Twelve Tables – Tribal Assembly • New class distinction – Rich vs. poor Chapter 4: The Roman Republic III. The Mediterranean—A Roman Sea Rome—The Master of Italy • Defeated the Latin cities • Southern Italy – Pyrrhus • Controlled all of Italian peninsula by 265 BC – Latins, Etruscans, Greeks – Treated with mercy, fairness Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean • Conflict with Carthage • Three wars – Between 264 and 146 BC – Territory – Trade – Punic wars Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean • The First Punic War (264241 BC) – Island of Sicily – Roman navy – Rome eventually prevailed • Terms of settlement Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean • The Second Punic War (218201 BC) – Hannibal • Very successful in Italy – Battle of Cannae • Romans nearly wiped out Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean • The Second Punic War (218201 BC) – Scipio • Attacked in North Africa • Hannibal ordered back home • Battle of Zama – Results Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean • The Third Punic War (149146 BC) – Cato – Three-year siege – Destruction of Carthage Rome—The Master of the Eastern Mediterranean • Defeated Macedonia and Syria • Alliance with Egypt • Rome allowed some selfgovernment and local freedom – Payment of tribute Chapter 4: The Roman Republic IV. Decline into a Dictatorship Problems • Small farmers • Senate increased its power – Unwilling to address social and economic problems • Corruption – Publicans Failure of Reform • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus – Strove for reforms – Changes in land policy – Tiberius sought reelection as tribune and was killed – Gaius lost his life The First Civil War • Marius becomes champion of the common people – Military hero – Created a professional army • Served for financial gain • Loyal to its commander The First Civil War • Senate appointed Sulla as general – Tribal assembly appointed Marius • Sulla victorious – Became dictator – Reorganized government The Second Civil War • Crassus – Had wealth • Pompey – Had support of Senate • Julius Caesar – Had support of people • Triumvirate The Second Civil War • Caesar became governor of Gaul – Commentaries on the Gallic War • Crassus had died • Pompey got support of the Senate The Second Civil War • Caesar crossed the Rubicon – Defeated Pompey’s army • Caesar becomes dictator for life – Reforms – Death—“Ides” of March The Third Civil War • Mark Antony • Octavian • Agreed to each rule half the territory – Ambition led to war – 31 BC: Battle of Actium – Octavian victorious The Third Civil War • Beginning of period of Roman Empire – Imperators ruled with supreme power