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Organelle
Cell surface membrane
Respiration
Amino acid
Hormone
Lipid
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Diffusion gradient
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Chlorophyll
Complementary
Endoplasmic reticulum
Vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Phagocyte
Osmosis
Water potential
Water potential gradient
Solvent
Solution
Solute
Partially permeable
membrane
Plasmolysis
Haemolysis
Turgid
Crenation
Structure inside a cell. Each organelle has a
specific function.
The membrane that surrounds every cell, forming
the selectively permeable boundary between the
cell and its environment. It is made up of a double
layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins.
The process in which energy is released from
complex molecules, such as glucose, within cells
and transferred to molecules of ATP.
An organic compound that contains both an
amino group
(–NH2) and a carboxyl group (–
COOH). Amino acids are the monomers of protein
molecules.
Chemicals made in endocrine glands that are
carried in the blood to target cells/tissues/organs.
They act as chemical messengers and are
associated with developmental changes of the
organism. Most are polypeptides but some are
steroids.
A diverse group of chemicals that includes
triglycerides, fatty acids and cholesterol.
Water-repelling (water-hating).
Associating with water molecules easily (waterloving).
The gradient in molecular concentration (the
difference in concentrations) that allows diffusion
to occur.
Movement of substances across membranes
against their concentration gradient, requiring the
use of energy in the form of ATP. Active transport
usually involves the use of transport proteins.
The process of taking materials into a cell by
surrounding them with part of the plasma
membrane, which then pinches off to form a
vesicle inside the cell. This is an active process
requiring ATP.
The process of removing materials from the cell
by fusing vesicles containing the material with the
plasma membrane (cell surface membrane).
Pigments found in chloroplasts of plant (and some
protoctist) cells. Each molecule consists of a
hydrocarbon tail and a porphyrin ring head with a
magnesium atom. Chlorophyll absorbs red and
blue light, trapping the energy, and reflects green
light.
A series of membrane-bound, flattened sacs
extending from the outer nuclear membrane
through the cytoplasm. It may appear rough
(rough ER) when ribosomes are attached to the
outer surface, and it is involved with synthesis of
proteins. It may appear smooth (smooth ER)
when ribosomes are not attached, and it is
involved with lipid metabolism or membrane
formation.
Refers to structures that fit together because their
shapes and/or charges match up. For example,
adenine and cytosine are complementary bases
in DNA.
A membrane-bound sac found in cells and used
to transport materials around the cell.
Membrane-bound vesicles made by pinching off
from the Golgi body. They usually contain
digestive enzymes.
Membrane-bound organelle in eukaryote cells. Its
functions are: to modify proteins, made at the
rough endoplasmic reticulum, into glycoproteins;
to package proteins for secretions outside the cell;
to make lysosomes; in plant cells to secrete
carbohydrates that make up the cell walls.
A vacuole inside a phagocyte which is created by
an infolding of the plasma (cell surface)
membrane to engulf a foreign particle. The foreign
particle is held inside the phagosome.
The movement of water molecules from a region
A measure of the ability of water molecules to
of higher water potential to a region of lower water move freely in solution. Measures the potential for
potential across a partially permeable membrane. a solution to lose water – water moves from a
solution with high water potential to one of lower
water potential. Water potential is decreased by
the presence of solutes.
A liquid that dissolves solids.
Liquid with dissolved solids.
A solid that dissolves in a liquid.
A membrane that will allow some molecules to
pass through but will not allow some others to
pass through.
Detachment of the plasma membrane from the
cell wall as the cytoplasm shrinks when water is
lost from a plant cell.
(First observed in red blood cells.) The rupturing
of animal cell surface membranes and
subsequent release of their contents, when
animal cells are placed in a solution of higher
water potential and water enters by osmosis.
Describes a cell that is full of water as a result of
entry of water due to osmosis. When the pressure
of the cell wall prevents more water entering, the
cell is said to be turgid.
State of animal cells when they have been
immersed in a solution of lower water potential
and have lost water by osmosis. They become
shrivelled.