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Chapter 11 Notes
Introduction to Genetics
Chapter 11 Section 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Notes
1. What does biological inheritance refer to?
2. What is genetics?
3. Who was Gregor Mendel?
4. What is fertilization?
5. Why is fertilization important to geneticists?
6. What does it mean to say that a plant is true-breeding?
7. What is cross-pollination?
8. In Mendel’s garden he observed seven different traits (listed in the table on the back), what is
a trait?
9. Mendel was lucky in that each of the traits he observed had easily distinguishable
________________. There were traits that were “in between” the two types like we will discuss
later.
10. What is the P generation?
11. What is the F1 generation?
12. What is the F2 generation?
P generation
F1 generation
F2 generation
13. What are the offspring of crossed plants called?
14. What did Mendel see in the F1 hybrid plants?
15. Define the following terms;
genealleledominant traitrecessive traitsegregationgametes-
16. What were the two conclusions Mendel was able to draw from this first round of
experiments?
17. What are some example of dominant and recessive traits?
18. What did Mendel do determine if the traits from the P generation (which had seemingly
disappeared) were still somehow present in the F1 generation that did not exhibit them?
19. What was the outcome of the F1 crosses?
Chapter 11 Section 2-Probability and Punnett Squares Notes
1. Define the following terms; homozygousheterozygousphenotypegenotype2. When Mendel crossed two pea plants that were heterozygous for stem height, what did he see
in the offspring?
3. Knowing this ratio enable Mendel to do what?
4. What is probability?
5. How can you figure out the probability of a coin (or similar item) coming up heads three times
in a row?
6. How would you figure out the probability of a die coming up the same number three times in a
row?
7. Past outcomes ________ _________ affect future outcomes. in other words, it doesn’t matter
if I get 10 heads in a row there is still a 50/50 chance of getting a head on the 11th flip. The coin
doesn’t know it is “due” to come up tails.
8. How is coin flipping relevant to genetics?
9. What are Punnett squares used for?
10. Draw a Punnett square and label each of the parts, why are you putting the letters where you
are?
11. Why didn’t Mendel’s F2 generation plants show an exact 3:1 ratio?
12. What is the problem with using small samples when talking about ratios?
Chapter 11 Section 3-Exploring Mendelian Genetics Notes
1. Alleles ___________________________ during the formation of gametes, as we discussed in
the previous section. Mendel wondered if the segregation of alleles for one trait affected the
segregation of others. In other words, were there traits that were inherited together?
2. How did Mendel test his idea?
3. In a two factor (gene) cross, what do the F1 plants provide?
4. What was the outcome of the F1 crosses Mendel made?
5. What is independent assortment?
6. What does the principle of independent assortment state?
7. What are the principles that Mendel proposed and that we still use as the basis for genetics?
8. Do all genes have two alleles?
9. Are all traits controlled by a single gene?
10. Describe what happens in incomplete dominance.
11. What famous plant exhibits this characteristic?
12. Describe what happens in codominance?
13. How is codominance different from incomplete dominance?
14. What happens when there are multiple alleles for a trait?
15. How many alleles can one individual have for the trait?
16. What are some examples of multiple allele traits? (Think about traits that have more that two
possible phenotypes)
17. What does “polygenic” mean?
18. What is one visible human trait that is controlled by multiple genes?
19. What organism did Thomas Hunt Morgan use to start studying genetics?
20. Why are these organisms useful in studying genetics?
21. What did Hunt and his colleagues quickly discover about Mendel’s work?
22. The characteristics of an organism are determined by genetics and what?
23. What example does the book use to illustrate this?
Biology Chapter 11 Section 5 Linkage and Gene Mapping Notes
1. What did Morgan’s research on fruit flies lead him to discover in 1910?
2. What was his evidence for this idea?
3. What did Morgan group all the fly genes into?
4. What are the two “remarkable conclusions” that were reached when it was discovered that
flies had four chromosomes?
5. What assorts independently?
6. How did this discovery elude Mendel?
7. What process can separate genes located on the same chromosome?
8. Why is this process important?
9. How does this process work? (See page 277)
10. What did Morgan’s student Sturtevant reason about this phenomena?
11. What did Sturtevant do with this idea?
12. What is a gene map?