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Chapter 10 Muslim Civilizations 622 - 1629 Chapter 10, Section 1 The Rise of Islam Muhammad Becomes a Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca – 570 A.D. Mecca was the center for several trading markets Muhammad was a very successful merchant during his life He became known for his honesty in business and was a devoted husband and father Married Khadija, a wealthy widow, when he was 25 Muhammad Becomes God’s Messenger Muhammad was troubled by the greed that he saw in Mecca He spent a lot of time meditating in caves in the hills near Mecca According to Muslim belief When Muhammad was 40, he heard the voice of an angel (Gabriel) calling him to be the messenger of God Muhammad Becomes God’s Messenger Muhammad devoted his life to spreading Islam after he heard the message He urged Arabs to give up their religion and follow the true God (Allah) At first, very few people listened to Muhammad Merchants in Mecca were angry that his teachings rejected the traditional Arab gods A Turning Point 622 Muhammad was faced with the threat of murder He and his followers left Mecca for Yathrib (journey known as Hijra) Yathrib later became renamed Medina (city of the Prophet) The Hijra was a turning point for Islam because in Medina the Muslim convents agreed with Muhammad A Turning Point 630 After fighting battles with Meccans Muhammad returned to Mecca He destroyed the idols in the Kaaba temple that believed Abraham had built to honor the one true God Muhammad rededicated the Kaaba to Allah and it became the most holy place in Islam Muhammad died in 632 but his word still spread Teachings of Islam Quran The religious scripture of Islam…Islam’s holiest book Teaches direct messages as well as historical accounts Sets harsh penalties for crimes such as stealing or murder Each individual will stand before God on final judgment day to face punishment or paradise Teachings of Islam Muslims Follow Duties Five Pillars of Islam First make a declaration of faith Second pray five times a day Third give charity to the poor Fourth fast from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan (month that Muhammad received his message) Fifth make a hajj…pilgrimage to Mecca Teachings of Islam Another duty is jihad or struggle in God’s service This is usually a personal duty for Muslims Could be interpreted as a holy war Muslims, Jews and Christians worship the same God Muslims consider Jews and Christians to be “People of the Book” enjoying religious freedom Islam: A Way of Life Sharia Islamic System of Law Sharia is the body of law that includes interpretation of the Quran Regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government and community life Impact of Women Under Islam, women had rights and protection Quran teaches that there is spiritual equality to all Chapter 10, Section 2 Building a Muslim Empire Early Challenges to Islam Muslims faced a challenge when Muhammad died eventually they named Abu Bakr to be Muhammad’s successor Abu Bakr was Muhammad’s father in law Several Arabs refused to follow Abu Bakr and withdrew their loyalty to Islam Muslims eventually were united and warfare was ended for a period of time and became united Early Victories Under first four caliphs (successor to Muhammad), Arab Muslims marched from victory to victory against the Byzantines and Persians Byzantines and Persians once competed for lands in Middle East but when Arabs were united they surprised their neighbors and took over large portions of land Divisions Emerge Within Islam Sunnis vs. Shiites After the death of Muhammad, divisions grew over who should reign. Sunnis believed that the caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders Shiites believe that the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad This split still exists today Divisions Emerge Within Islam Sunnis and Shiites do believe in the same God They look to Quran for guidance They follow the Five Pillars of Islam Today, about 90 percent of Muslims are Sunni Most Shiites live in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq and Yemen The Shiites have actually made further splits among itself (several subgroups) Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire Powerful Meccan clan set up the Umayyad caliphate…dynasty of Sunni caliphs that ruled the Muslim empire until 750. Through several conquests they were able to spread Islam and Muslim civilization From Egypt they moved west defeating the Byzantine forces in North Africa 731 settled in new areas in France Reasons for Muslim Success Weakness of Byzantine and Persian armies The two armies had fought each other to death Many people welcomed the Arabs as a change from harsh rule of Byzantines and Persians Bold, efficient fighting methods used by the Arabs As more people joined Islam, the army grew in power Decline of Umayyad Caliphate As the Muslim empire expanded, the Umayyad faced many problems Had to adapt from desert life to one of large territories and different terrain Caliphs ruled like powerful tribal leaders rather than kings with bureaucracies Economic tension increased between wealthy Arabs and lesser people Rise of the Abbasids Dynasty tried to create an empire based on equality of all Muslims Rulers halted military conquests Islam became a more diverse religion Created a more sophisticated bureaucracy Culture flourished in areas of learning, art, science, and economics Muslim Empire Declines Between 900 – 1400, a series of invasions added to chaos in the empire 900’s Seljuk Turks migrated into Middle East from Central Asia They adopted Islam and built a large empire across the Fertile Crescent Eventual conflicts with Christians would lead to the First Crusade in 1095 Muslim Empire Declines 1216 Genghis Khan led the Mongols out of Central Asia across Southwest Asia The Mongols would return again and again to fight The Mongols would adopt Islam as they took over local inhabitants Late 1300’s Tamerlane, a famous Mongol leader led his armies into the Middle East to keep the Mongols in power Chapter 10, Section 3 Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age Social and Economic Advances Muslim rulers were able to unite many diverse cultures Arabs Persians Egyptians Africans Europeans The Muslim community embraced all people that wanted to join International Trade Network Muhammad had been a merchant so therefore, merchants were honored in Muslim society Between 750 – 1350, merchants had built a vast trading network across most Muslim lands Crossed Sahara into West Africa Muslim, Jewish and Christians traders all traveled the Silk Road toward China This was a vital link in the exchange of goods and ideas Agriculture Thrives Agriculture was able to flourish across a wide variety of climates and landforms Both Umayyad and Abbasid rulers took steps to preserve and extend agricultural land Abbasids organized massive irrigation projects between Tigris and Euphrates rivers Farmers were now able to grow crops that normally came from different areas Social Structure and Slavery Muslims enjoyed a certain degree of social mobility the ability to move up in social classes People could improve their status through religious, scholarly, or military achievements Slavery was very common in Muslim lands Usually came from conquered lands because Muslims were not supposed to enslave Muslims Muslim Art, Literature, Architecture Art and literature reflect the traditions of the various groups of people within the religion Religion shaped the arts, literature and architecture of this time Artists could not portray God or other humans in religious art (against the law) This gave Islamic art a distinct style Muslim Art, Literature, Architecture Long before Muhammad, Arabs had a rich tradition of oral history (poetry) Their most important themes were: Chivalry Romance of nomadic life These were recurring themes throughout their history Religious Buildings Domed mosques and high minarets dominated the Muslim cities These were adapted from the Byzantines Domes and arches became symbols of Muslims These places were elaborately decorated Muslims also perfected the art of calligraphy the art of beautiful handwriting Muslims Seek Knowledge Centers of Learning Baghdad is the greatest Muslim center for learning The libraries attracted well paid highly respected scholars Philosophy and History Muslim scholars translated the work of Greek philosophers as well as Hindu and Buddhist texts Muslims wanted to use the Greek ideas of reason in their lives Muslims Seek Knowledge Mathematics Al – Khwarizmi was the greatest Muslim mathematician He pioneered the study of algebra and wrote the first math book that was translated into Latin Medicine makes several advances Physicians and pharmacists had to pass tests before they could practice Physicians traveled to rural areas to provide care Review The ability for Muslims to move up in social classes is known as which of the following? 1) A B C D Climbing the ladder Jumping up in society Not giving up Social Mobility Muslims wanted to use whose ideas of reason within their lives? 2) A B C D Russians Greeks Warriors Americans Chapter 10, Section 4 India’s Muslim Empires The Delhi Sultanate Arabs conquered Indus Valley in 711 1000 Muslim Turks and Afghans pushed into India These were very fierce warriors with conquest in mind 1100s The Sultan: Muslim ruler made Delhi his capital His successors lasted another 300 years Muslims Change India Government and Society Sultans introduced Muslim traditions of government Trade between India and Muslim lands increased Newcomers to the area made it a bright civilization Sultans Lose Power 1398 Tamerlane invaded India and moved into Delhi Sultans, with a small army, were no match and were defeated Muslims and Hindus Clash Hindu – Muslim Differences Hinduism was an ancient religion evolving over thousands of years worshiping many sacred texts Muslims were extremely monotheistic and saw the Hindu paintings and statues as false Blending of Cultures Eventually, Delhi Sultans grew more tolerant of Hindus Some sultans even left rajahs (Hindu rulers) in place Mughal India Babur great Muslim leader who claimed to a descendant of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane set up the Mughal Dynasty (Persian for Mongol) This dynasty ruled from 1526 – 1857 Akbar the Great Babur’s grandson Chief leader of the Mughal Dynasty Created a strong central government this earned him the name “Akbar the Great” Akbar the Great Akbar was a leader of unusual abilities (not a typical leader) He opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes Ended the tax on Non – Muslims Married a Hindu Princess Could not read or write Consulted leaders of many faiths Used paid officials instead of hereditary leaders Akbar’s Successors Akbar’s son was not as strong as he was The son left most details of the government in his wife’s hands She was a very able ruler and become the most powerful woman in Indian history Akbar’s Grandson: Shah Jahan was in power during the high point of the Mughal Dynasty’s literature, art and architecture Shah Jahan When Shah’s wife died at 39 after giving him 14 children, he was distraught He had a stunning tomb built for her called the Taj Mahal …designed by a Persian architect Chapter 10, Section 5 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires The Ottoman Empire Expands Ottomans were Turkish speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia to northwestern Asia Minor 1300s spread across Asia Minor into Eastern Europe’s Balkan Peninsula Mehmet II captured Constantinople in 1453 from the Byzantines after several failed attempts The Ottoman Empire Expands Ottomans continued their conquests for 200 years after they conquered Constantinople in dramatic fashion: Carried ships overland and launched them into the harbor outside Constantinople Fought for almost two months and finally broke through the defensive walls Constantinople was renamed Istanbul Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman’s Golden Age was under Suleiman He ruled from 1520 – 1566 Modernized the army and conquered many new lands Extended Ottoman rule into Middle East Advanced into Europe through diplomacy and warfare Gave Ottomans the most powerful empire for centuries Ottoman Culture Classes in Society Society was divided into classes with specific roles “Men of the sword” At the top “Men of the pen” Second class Lawyers, judges, scientists, poets, etc. “Men of negotiation” Third class Defend and protect sultan Merchants, artisans, tax collectors “Men of husbandry” Bottom: Farmers, herders The Elite Force - Janizaries This was an elite force of the Ottoman Army Consisted of the best soldiers who were once boys that converted to Islam The brightest students at these times received special education to become a government official Decline of the Ottomans After Suleiman’s death in 1566, the Ottomans began a slow decline One reason was because Suleiman killed two of his most able son’s He believed they committed treason His son Selim II left most of the government to his ministers which made the government corrupt The Safavid Empire Safavids were Shiite Muslims who enforced their beliefs within their empire which was between the Ottoman Empire and Mughal India Religion played a part in their conflict with their neighbors The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims who despised the Shiites The Safavid Empire Abbas the Great Shah Abbas (The Great) revived the glory of Persia Centralized the government and made a strong army He made alliances with enemies of the Ottomans Safavid Declines Empire slowly faded after death of Shah Abbas Shiite scholars challenged authority of the rulers by not following laws and creating different policies Review Constantinople was renamed to be which of the following? 1) A B C D Land of Herthum Istanbul Shiite lands Vienna Suleiman killed two of his sons because… 2) A B C D They lied to him He didn’t like their wives He suspected them of treason They made him a bad dinner one time