Download Chapter 10 - Muslim Civ

Chapter 10
Muslim Civilizations
622 - 1629
Chapter 10, Section 1
The Rise of Islam
Muhammad Becomes a Prophet
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Muhammad was born in Mecca – 570 A.D.
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Mecca was the center for several trading markets
Muhammad was a very successful merchant
during his life
He became known for his honesty in business
and was a devoted husband and father
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Married Khadija, a wealthy widow, when he was 25
Muhammad Becomes God’s Messenger
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Muhammad was troubled by the greed that he
saw in Mecca
He spent a lot of time meditating in caves in the
hills near Mecca
According to Muslim belief  When
Muhammad was 40, he heard the voice of an
angel (Gabriel) calling him to be the messenger
of God
Muhammad Becomes God’s Messenger
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Muhammad devoted his life to spreading Islam
after he heard the message
He urged Arabs to give up their religion and
follow the true God (Allah)
At first, very few people listened to Muhammad
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Merchants in Mecca were angry that his teachings
rejected the traditional Arab gods
A Turning Point
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622  Muhammad was faced with the threat of
murder
He and his followers left Mecca for Yathrib
(journey known as Hijra)
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Yathrib later became renamed Medina (city of the
Prophet)
The Hijra was a turning point for Islam because
in Medina the Muslim convents agreed with
Muhammad
A Turning Point
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630  After fighting battles with Meccans
Muhammad returned to Mecca
He destroyed the idols in the Kaaba  temple
that believed Abraham had built to honor the
one true God
Muhammad rededicated the Kaaba to Allah and
it became the most holy place in Islam
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Muhammad died in 632 but his word still spread
Teachings of Islam
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Quran  The religious scripture of
Islam…Islam’s holiest book
Teaches direct messages as well as historical
accounts
Sets harsh penalties for crimes such as stealing or
murder
 Each individual will stand before God on final
judgment day to face punishment or paradise
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Teachings of Islam
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Muslims Follow Duties  Five Pillars of Islam
First  make a declaration of faith
Second  pray five times a day
Third  give charity to the poor
Fourth  fast from sunrise to sunset during
Ramadan (month that Muhammad received his
message)
Fifth  make a hajj…pilgrimage to Mecca
Teachings of Islam
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Another duty is jihad or struggle in God’s
service
This is usually a personal duty for Muslims
 Could be interpreted as a holy war
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Muslims, Jews and Christians worship the same
God
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Muslims consider Jews and Christians to be “People
of the Book”  enjoying religious freedom
Islam: A Way of Life
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Sharia  Islamic System of Law
Sharia is the body of law that includes interpretation
of the Quran
 Regulates moral conduct, family life, business
practices, government and community life
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Impact of Women
Under Islam, women had rights and protection
 Quran teaches that there is spiritual equality to all
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Chapter 10, Section 2
Building a Muslim Empire
Early Challenges to Islam
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Muslims faced a challenge when Muhammad
died  eventually they named Abu Bakr to be
Muhammad’s successor
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Abu Bakr was Muhammad’s father in law
Several Arabs refused to follow Abu Bakr and
withdrew their loyalty to Islam
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Muslims eventually were united and warfare was
ended for a period of time and became united
Early Victories
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Under first four caliphs (successor to
Muhammad), Arab Muslims marched from
victory to victory against the Byzantines and
Persians
Byzantines and Persians once competed for
lands in Middle East but when Arabs were
united they surprised their neighbors and took
over large portions of land
Divisions Emerge Within Islam
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Sunnis vs. Shiites
After the death of Muhammad, divisions grew over
who should reign.
 Sunnis believed that the caliph should be chosen by
Muslim leaders
 Shiites believe that the caliph should be a descendant
of Muhammad
 This split still exists today
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Divisions Emerge Within Islam
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Sunnis and Shiites do believe in the same God
They look to Quran for guidance
 They follow the Five Pillars of Islam
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Today, about 90 percent of Muslims are Sunni
Most Shiites live in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq and
Yemen
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The Shiites have actually made further splits among
itself (several subgroups)
Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire
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Powerful Meccan clan set up the Umayyad
caliphate…dynasty of Sunni caliphs that ruled
the Muslim empire until 750.
Through several conquests they were able to
spread Islam and Muslim civilization
From Egypt they moved west defeating the
Byzantine forces in North Africa
 731  settled in new areas in France
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Reasons for Muslim Success
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Weakness of Byzantine and Persian armies
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The two armies had fought each other to death
Many people welcomed the Arabs as a change
from harsh rule of Byzantines and Persians
Bold, efficient fighting methods used by the
Arabs
As more people joined Islam, the army grew in
power
Decline of Umayyad Caliphate
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As the Muslim empire expanded, the Umayyad
faced many problems
Had to adapt from desert life to one of large
territories and different terrain
 Caliphs ruled like powerful tribal leaders rather than
kings with bureaucracies
 Economic tension increased between wealthy Arabs
and lesser people
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Rise of the Abbasids
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Dynasty tried to create an empire based on
equality of all Muslims
Rulers halted military conquests
Islam became a more diverse religion
Created a more sophisticated bureaucracy
Culture flourished in areas of learning, art,
science, and economics
Muslim Empire Declines
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Between 900 – 1400, a series of invasions added
to chaos in the empire
900’s  Seljuk Turks migrated into Middle East
from Central Asia
They adopted Islam and built a large empire across
the Fertile Crescent
 Eventual conflicts with Christians would lead to the
First Crusade in 1095
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Muslim Empire Declines
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1216  Genghis Khan led the Mongols out of
Central Asia across Southwest Asia
The Mongols would return again and again to fight
 The Mongols would adopt Islam as they took over
local inhabitants
 Late 1300’s  Tamerlane, a famous Mongol leader
led his armies into the Middle East to keep the
Mongols in power
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Chapter 10, Section 3
Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age
Social and Economic Advances
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Muslim rulers were able to unite many diverse
cultures
Arabs
 Persians
 Egyptians
 Africans
 Europeans
 The Muslim community embraced all people that
wanted to join
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International Trade Network
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Muhammad had been a merchant so therefore,
merchants were honored in Muslim society
Between 750 – 1350, merchants had built a vast
trading network across most Muslim lands
Crossed Sahara into West Africa
 Muslim, Jewish and Christians traders all traveled the
Silk Road toward China
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This was a vital link in the exchange of goods and ideas
Agriculture Thrives
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Agriculture was able to flourish across a wide
variety of climates and landforms
Both Umayyad and Abbasid rulers took steps to
preserve and extend agricultural land
Abbasids organized massive irrigation projects
between Tigris and Euphrates rivers
 Farmers were now able to grow crops that normally
came from different areas
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Social Structure and Slavery
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Muslims enjoyed a certain degree of social
mobility  the ability to move up in social
classes
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People could improve their status through religious,
scholarly, or military achievements
Slavery was very common in Muslim lands
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Usually came from conquered lands because
Muslims were not supposed to enslave Muslims
Muslim Art, Literature, Architecture
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Art and literature reflect the traditions of the
various groups of people within the religion
Religion shaped the arts, literature and
architecture of this time
Artists could not portray God or other humans in
religious art (against the law)
 This gave Islamic art a distinct style
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Muslim Art, Literature, Architecture
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Long before Muhammad, Arabs had a rich
tradition of oral history (poetry)
Their most important themes were:
Chivalry
 Romance of nomadic life
 These were recurring themes throughout their
history
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Religious Buildings
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Domed mosques and high minarets dominated
the Muslim cities
These were adapted from the Byzantines
Domes and arches became symbols of Muslims
These places were elaborately decorated
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Muslims also perfected the art of calligraphy  the
art of beautiful handwriting
Muslims Seek Knowledge
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Centers of Learning
Baghdad is the greatest Muslim center for learning
 The libraries attracted well paid highly respected
scholars
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Philosophy and History
Muslim scholars translated the work of Greek
philosophers as well as Hindu and Buddhist texts
 Muslims wanted to use the Greek ideas of reason in
their lives
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Muslims Seek Knowledge
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Mathematics
Al – Khwarizmi was the greatest Muslim
mathematician
 He pioneered the study of algebra and wrote the first
math book that was translated into Latin
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Medicine makes several advances
Physicians and pharmacists had to pass tests before
they could practice
 Physicians traveled to rural areas to provide care
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Review
The ability for Muslims to move up in social classes is known
as which of the following?
1)
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A
B
C
D
Climbing the ladder
Jumping up in society
Not giving up
Social Mobility
Muslims wanted to use whose ideas of reason within their
lives?
2)
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A
B
C
D
Russians
Greeks
Warriors
Americans
Chapter 10, Section 4
India’s Muslim Empires
The Delhi Sultanate
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Arabs conquered Indus Valley in 711
1000  Muslim Turks and Afghans pushed into
India
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These were very fierce warriors with conquest in
mind
1100s  The Sultan: Muslim ruler made Delhi
his capital
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His successors lasted another 300 years
Muslims Change India
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Government and Society
Sultans introduced Muslim traditions of government
 Trade between India and Muslim lands increased
 Newcomers to the area made it a bright civilization
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Sultans Lose Power
1398  Tamerlane invaded India and moved into
Delhi
 Sultans, with a small army, were no match and were
defeated
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Muslims and Hindus Clash
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Hindu – Muslim Differences
Hinduism was an ancient religion evolving over
thousands of years worshiping many sacred texts
 Muslims were extremely monotheistic and saw the
Hindu paintings and statues as false
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Blending of Cultures
Eventually, Delhi Sultans grew more tolerant of
Hindus
 Some sultans even left rajahs (Hindu rulers) in place
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Mughal India
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Babur  great Muslim leader who claimed to a
descendant of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane set
up the Mughal Dynasty (Persian for Mongol)
This dynasty ruled from 1526 – 1857
Akbar the Great  Babur’s grandson
Chief leader of the Mughal Dynasty
 Created a strong central government  this earned
him the name “Akbar the Great”
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Akbar the Great
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Akbar was a leader of unusual abilities (not a
typical leader)
He opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes
 Ended the tax on Non – Muslims
 Married a Hindu Princess
 Could not read or write
 Consulted leaders of many faiths
 Used paid officials instead of hereditary leaders
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Akbar’s Successors
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Akbar’s son was not as strong as he was
The son left most details of the government in
his wife’s hands
She was a very able ruler and become the most
powerful woman in Indian history
Akbar’s Grandson: Shah Jahan was in power
during the high point of the Mughal Dynasty’s
literature, art and architecture
Shah Jahan
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When Shah’s wife died at 39 after giving him 14
children, he was distraught
He had a stunning tomb built for her called the
Taj Mahal …designed by a Persian architect
Chapter 10, Section 5
The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
The Ottoman Empire Expands
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Ottomans were Turkish speaking nomadic
people who migrated from Central Asia to
northwestern Asia Minor
1300s  spread across Asia Minor into Eastern
Europe’s Balkan Peninsula
Mehmet II captured Constantinople in 1453
from the Byzantines after several failed attempts
The Ottoman Empire Expands
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Ottomans continued their conquests for 200
years after they conquered Constantinople in
dramatic fashion:
Carried ships overland and launched them into the
harbor outside Constantinople
 Fought for almost two months and finally broke
through the defensive walls
 Constantinople was renamed Istanbul
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Suleiman the Magnificent
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Ottoman’s Golden Age was under Suleiman
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He ruled from 1520 – 1566
Modernized the army and conquered many new
lands
Extended Ottoman rule into Middle East
 Advanced into Europe through diplomacy and
warfare
 Gave Ottomans the most powerful empire for
centuries
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Ottoman Culture
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Classes in Society
Society was divided into classes with specific roles
 “Men of the sword”  At the top
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“Men of the pen”  Second class
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Lawyers, judges, scientists, poets, etc.
“Men of negotiation”  Third class
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Defend and protect sultan
Merchants, artisans, tax collectors
“Men of husbandry”  Bottom: Farmers, herders
The Elite Force - Janizaries
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This was an elite force of the Ottoman Army
Consisted of the best soldiers who were once
boys that converted to Islam
The brightest students at these times received
special education to become a government
official
Decline of the Ottomans
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After Suleiman’s death in 1566, the Ottomans
began a slow decline
One reason was because Suleiman killed two of
his most able son’s
He believed they committed treason
 His son Selim II left most of the government to his
ministers which made the government corrupt
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The Safavid Empire
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Safavids were Shiite Muslims who enforced their
beliefs within their empire which was between
the Ottoman Empire and Mughal India
Religion played a part in their conflict with their
neighbors
The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims who
despised the Shiites
The Safavid Empire
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Abbas the Great
Shah Abbas (The Great) revived the glory of Persia
 Centralized the government and made a strong army
 He made alliances with enemies of the Ottomans
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Safavid Declines
Empire slowly faded after death of Shah Abbas
 Shiite scholars challenged authority of the rulers by
not following laws and creating different policies
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Review
Constantinople was renamed to be which of the following?
1)
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A
B
C
D
Land of Herthum
Istanbul
Shiite lands
Vienna
Suleiman killed two of his sons because…
2)
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A
B
C
D
They lied to him
He didn’t like their wives
He suspected them of treason
They made him a bad dinner one time