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How Are Traits Passed From Generation to Generation?
Units 5, 6, 7
Unit 5 Objectives:
1. Give examples of asexual reproduction and the organism employing this method.
2. Locate and give the functions of the structures of the male and female reproductive
systems.
3. Give the functions of hormones related to the vertebrate reproductive system:
progesterone, LH, FSH, GnRH, estrogen, oxytocin, prolactin, and androgen.
4. Describe mutations that can occur during Meiosis and the phenotypic changes that may
result in the offspring.
Unit 6 Objectives:
1. Explain how independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization contribute
to genetic variation in sexual reproduction and calculate the rate of crossing over.
2. Distinguish among chromosomes, chromatids, and tetrads.
3. List the phases of meiosis, describe the events that characterize each phase and be able
to recognize these phases in diagrams.
4. Compare the end products of mitosis and meiosis.
5. Compare gametogenesis in ovaries and testes.
Unit 7 Objectives:
1. List several features of Mendel’s methods that contributed to his success.
2. State four components of Mendel’s hypothesis of inheritance.
3. Describe Mendel’s law of segregation.
4. Use a Punnett square to predict the results of monohybrid and/or dihybrid crosses and
state the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of each.
5. Distinguish between genotype and phenotype, heterozygous and homozygous,
dominant and recessive traits.
6. Use the laws of probability to calculate the chances of an individual having a specific
genotype or phenotype.
7. Describe the inheritance of the ABO blood system and explain why the A and B alleles
are said to be codominant.
8. Distinguish among observed inheritance patterns caused by several types of genetic
traits.
9. Given a simple family pedigree, deduce the genotypes for the family members.
10. Describe the inheritance and expression of cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs disease, and sickle
cell anemia.
11. Complete genetics problems related to the condition and patterns of inheritance
discussed.
12. Describe the process of karyotyping and how parents and doctors use karyotypes.
How Are Traits Passed From Generation to Generation?
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Alleles- Different versions of a gene for a particular trait
Autosomes- Chromosomes other then sex chromosomes
Codominance-a type of inheritance that results in the expression of two dominant
alleles in the heterozygous
Dihybrid cross- A cross that involves two sets of characteristics
Dominance- a pattern of genetic inheritance in which the effects of a dominant allele
mask those of a recessive allele
F1 Generation- the first generation of offspring that the parents produce.
Gene- a segment of DNA that contains genetic information for making a protein
Genotype- The genes in an allele pair
Heterozygous- Having two different alleles of a gene pair
Homologous chromosomes- a pair of chromosomes that carry corresponding genes for
the same traits
Homozygous- Having identical alleles for a given gene
Incomplete dominance-A pattern of genetic inheritance in which neither allele is
completely dominant, results in a blend
Independent assortment- Mendel’s law that states that during meiosis the alleles
separate independently
Inheritance- the process by which traits are passed from one generation to the next.
Monohybrid cross- a genetic cross that involves only one trait
Multiple alleles- Three or more alleles for the same gene
Gametes-Male and female sex cells
Nucleotide- monomer of nucleic acids
Pedigree- a genetic analysis of a trait traced throughout a family
Phenotype- The outward appearance of a trait
Polygenic inheritance- Genetic pattern when a trait is controlled by several genes
Principle of segregation- Mendel’s law that states that each pair of genes separates
during meiosis
Punnett square- diagram used to show possible genetic combinations
Recessive- an allele of a gene that is expressed only when the dominant isn’t present.
Sex-linked traits- a pattern of genetic inheritance controlled by a gene on the sex
chromosome
Test Cross- A genetic cross accomplished to determine the genotype of an organism. Always
involves crossing with the homozygous recessive.