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Honors Biology
Final Exam Review Sheet
1. Protein Synthesis
 base triplets/codons/anticodons: what are they?, what type of
information do they represent?, to what molecules do these terms refer to?
 redundancy of the DNA code: what advantage does having multiple
codons for a single amino acid give when a mutation occurs?
 amino acid sequence in determining protein type: why is it important?
 transcription and mRNA processing: what happens during
transcription?, where does it occur?, what happens during mRNA
processing?
 translation and protein synthesis: what happens during translation?,
where does it occur?
 mutations and mutagens: definitions, types of mutations, examples of
mutagens, effect on protein formed and overall effect on organism
(relationship of genotype to phenotype or in other words the relationship
of DNA→gene→protein→phenotype)
 effect of point mutations on DNA : why is the order of amino acids
important in protein structure?, what can happen in point mutations top
affect that order?
2. Mendelian genetics
 associated terms: be able to define genotype, phenotype, homozygous,
heterozygous, alleles, etc.
 one trait crosses/ monohybrid crosses: be able to complete assorted
problems, analyze Punnett square information
 incomplete dominance: what is it?, how would you recognize
inheritance by incomplete dominance?, how would you set up a problem
using Punnett squares?
 two trait crosses and dihybrid crosses: be able to solve these types of
problems
 sex-linked traits and examples: be able to solve these types of problems,
what makes them different from traits carried on autosomes?, what is
different in the inheritance pattern of these traits?
 pedigree charts: be able to analyze
 Mendel’s rules: paraphrase the concepts of dominance, segregation and
independent assortment
 Punnett squares: be able to set up and work through them, explain how
these model events in meiosis
 multiple alleles: what does it mean when a trait is inherited by multiple
alleles?, give an example.
 prenatal genetic testing methods: provide some examples and be able to
evaluate them (what are the advantages and disadvantages of each?, what
information do these tests provide?
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karyotyping: what is it?, what information does it provide?, be able to
analyze a karyotype
chromosomal abnormalities (your projects): be able to recognize a
karyotype for each of these: Klinefelter’s Syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome,
Down Syndrome, what event causes each of these?
3. Mitosis/Meiosis
 stages in each/major events in these stages: go back to the animations
online for these---review as many times as needed for understanding of
these processes!
 homologous chromosomes: what are they? What happens to them in
mitosis? in meiosis?
 outcome in terms of chromosome number and genetics of new
daughter cells: do the chromosome numbers remain the same or do they
change?, if they change-how do they change?, are the daughter cells the
same as each other and than parent cell or are they different from each
other and the parent cell?
 method of reproduction associated with each: when is mitosis used?
meiosis?
 unique events associated with meiosis: what sets meiosis apart from
mitosis?
4. Biotechnology
 DNA fingerprinting: how is it done?, be able to analyze DNA
fingerprints, what information can it and can’t it tell you?
 PCR: what is it?, when might it be needed?
 gel electrophoresis: what is it?, how are the fragments separated?
 terms: restriction enzymes, plasmids, transgenic, clone, GMO
 gene therapy: how is it accomplished?
 creating a recombinant plasmid: how is this done?
5. Evolution by Means of Natural Selection
 definition of evolution: why is it important to understand this process?,
how do we use this understanding today?
 indirect and direct evidence of evolution: how do we know evolution
has occurred?,
 process of natural selection: how does it work?, what are some
misconceptions of natural selection?
 factors contributing to speciation: how are new species formed?, how
do we know when a new species is formed?
 Hardy-Weinberg principle and associated equations (bring
calculator): what does hardy-Weinberg tell us?, what are the equations?,
be able to work through the equations.