Download Macromolecules Unit Study Guide

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Scientific Method & Macromolecules Unit Study Guide
Chapter 1-1 and 1-2: Investigation & Experimentation Standards
Chapter 2-3 and 2-4: Cell Biology Standards 1b, 1h
Scientific Method
1. What is the difference between an observation and an inference? An observation is a process of gathering
information and an inference is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge.
2. Define hypothesis: an educated guess.
3. Define theory: a very well tested hypothesis.
4. What is a variable in an experiment and why is it important to have them? A variable is something that changed
(independent variable), or something that is not changed (controlled variable) in an experiment. It is important to
have them because they help to validate the experiment.
5. What is a controlled experiment? An experiment in which one variable is changed at a time.
6. What happens when an experiment is not controlled? The experiment is not valid.
Standard 1h:
7. Define Organic: contains carbon
8. Define monomer: small molecule
9. Define polymer: larger molecule made up of monomers
10. Define polymerization: the process that joins monomers together to form a polymer
11. What are the four groups of organic macromolecules? Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
12. What are the elements that carbohydrates are made of? Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
13. What are the monomers of carbohydrates? monosaccharides
14. What are the polymers of carbohydrates? polysaccharides
15. Give some examples of monosaccharides: glucose, galactose
16. Give some examples of polysaccharides:, starch, glycogen
17. Briefly explain how Benedict’s Solution is used to test for carbohydrates. Be sure to explain what specific group of
carbohydrates it can detect and what occurs in a positive and negative test.
Benedicts solution is used to test for monossaccharides (simple sugars). A positive test will turn from a blue to an
orange-red color. A negative test will stay blue.
18. Briefly explain how Iodine is used to test for carbohydrates. Be sure to explain what specific group of carbohydrates it
can detect and what occurs in a positive and negative test.
Iodine is used to test for polysaccharides (starch). A positive test changes from a tan-brown color to a blue-black
color. A negative test will stay tan-brown.
Lipids
19. What are the elements that make up a lipid? Carbon and hydrogen
20. What are the monomers of lipids? Fatty acid chain and glycerol head
21. What are four common examples of lipids? Fats, oils, waxes, steriods
22. What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated lipids? Saturated fats are solid at room temp (bad fat),
unsaturated fats are liquid at room temp (good fat)
Nucleic Acids
23. What are the elements that make up a nucleic acid? Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
24. What are the monomers that make up nucleic acids? nucleotides
25. What is the main purpose of nucleic acids? Store and transmit genetic information
26. Two examples of nucleic acids are: _DNA______ and __RNA_____.
Proteins
27. What are the elements that make up a protein? Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
28. What are the monomers that make up proteins? Amino acids
29. What are the functions of a protein? Carry out gene expression
Standard 1b:
30. Define activation energy: the energy needed to get
a reaction started
31. Define catalyst: a substance that speeds up a
chemical reaction
32. What is the difference between a catalyst and an
enzyme? An enzyme is a biological catalyst
33. What is an enzyme and what do they do? Speeds
up chemical reactions that takes place in a cell
35. What factors can affect the functioning of an
enzyme? Temperature, pH, substrate
concentration
36. What does the word “denature” mean? unfold
37. What are the conditions that affect enzyme
activity? Temperature, pH, substrate
concentration
38. What happens if any of these conditions is altered?
The enzyme will unfold and not work
34. Give an example of a catalyst/enzyme AND explain
why it is an example. Salt bc it lowers the boiling
point of water and allows the water to boil sooner.
37. Analyze the graph to the left. Below explain the
data in the graph in complete sentences. As the
concentration of yeast increases, the oxygen
production per second also increases.