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Download Psychology Review Part 1 – Chapters 1-8
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Psychology Review Part 1 – Chapters 1-8 Use your text and your notes to complete this review to be used on your Semester Exam. You may work in small groups as long as the volume is kept down! 1. Know the following psychologist and their major contributions to psychology: a. Wilhelm Wundt – father of psychology, structuralist, set up first Psychology lab b. Ivan Pavlov – Pavlov’s dogs, classical conditioning, even our natural responses are subject to training. c. John B. Watson – Behaviorist, led study on lil’ Albert, believed there was no such thing as free will. d. Sigmund Freud – psychoanalyst, believed in unconscious determinants of behavior e. Sir Francis Galton – believed in heritable traits, thought that royalty was more intelligent than common man. f. B.F. Skinner – Behaviorist, created the skinner box, used operant conditioning to train 2. What is the major idea behind the six major schools of Psychology a. Psychoanalytic – unconscious determinants of behavior b. Behavioral – contingencies of reinforcement c. Humanistic – self actualization – personal growth and the desire to achieve max. potential d. Cognitive - our own perceptions, thoughts and feelings shape our behavior e. Biological – our behavior is driven by our chemical balance, by neurons and neuro-transmitters. f. Sociocultural – our behavior is driven by our culture and the society in which we were raised 3. What is the difference between basic science and applied science? Science is research for the sake of research – to discover; whereas applied science finds real life ways to apply those things that science has discovered. 4. What is the main job of both the nervous system and the endocrine system? To send messages to the body and prepare the body for action 5. What is the main difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system? Nervous system transmits information neuron to neuron, chemically and electrically through neurotransmitters and therefore can localize the information. The endocrine system transmits chemicals from glands to the entire body through the blood stream. 6. Who was Phineas Gage? Why was he important to psychology? Phineas Gage was a railroad worker who was injured when a rail spike was shot through his head. Because he survived we were able to see how losing that part of the brain affected behavior and therefore draw conclusions about its purpose. 7. What causes a grand mal seizure? An electrical storm of activity in the Corpus Callosum 8. What are the basic parts of a neuron and what are the basic functions of each? Cell body, axon, myelin sheath, dendrites 9. What are some common drugs that are classified as stimulants? caffeine 10. What are some common drugs that are classified as depressants? alcohol 11. According to Sigmund Freud what are the functions of dreams? Process days activities, help you work through your unconscious fears and beliefs 12. Know the function of each of the following parts of the human eye: a. Cornea – transparent part of the eye that covers the lens and iris b. Lens – flexible elastic structure that changes its shape to focus light c. Retina – coating on the back of the eye, containing receptor cells (rods & cones) d. Pupil – the opening in the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye. Define the following 13. naturalistic observation 14. case study 15. longitudinal studies 16. cross-sectional studies 17. central tendency 18. normal curve 19. hypothesis 20. self-fulfilling prophecy 21. placebo effect 22. Spinal cord 23. Pons 24. Medulla 25. Hypothalamus 26. Hippocampus 27. Limbic System 28. Pituitary gland 29. Thalamus 30. Corpus callosum 31. Cerebellum 32. Parietal Lobe 33. Occipital Lobe 34. Primary Motor cortex 35. Temporal lobe 36. Frontal Lobe Psychology Review Part 2 – Chapters 8-13 Use your text and your notes to complete this review to be used on your Semester Exam. You may work in small groups as long as the volume is kept down! 1. From beginning to end describe the four steps of classical conditioning: a. CS (ring the bell) b. UCS (food) – UCR – (Salivate) c. UCS (feed the dog) d. Achieve assimilation – CS (ring the bell) – CR (salivate) 2. How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning? In operant conditioning the subject acts on the system and is reward or punished. Classical there is no action required by the subject 3. What is learned helplessness and how does one acquire it? Belief that you cannot succeed. It is learned through operant conditioning. 4. What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment? Negative reinforcement increases the desired behavior while punishment decreases undesired behavior 5. What are the three stages of memory? Input, Storage, Retrieval 6. According to George Miller short-term memory is limited to about ____Seven_________ items. 7. List the 3 things that can result in forgetting. Decay, Proactive interference (early memory blocks present), Retroactive interference (current memory blocks past) 8. What are the three kinds of thinking? Directed Thinking (convergent), Nondirected (divergent), Metacognition 9. According to the book what is involved in creativity? Flexibility, recombination, insight 10. What are the different theories of motivation? Instinct, Drive-reduction, incentive, cognitive 11. Studies show that high achievers prefer to be associated with experts that will help them achieve more. 12. Show the stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. 1) Physiological 2) Safety 3) Belonging 4) Esteem 5) selfactualization 13. Charles Darwin argued that people from different cultures express certain basic feelings in the same way. 14. What are the differences between achievement test, aptitude tests and interest inventories? Achievement test measure the knowledge you have retained (ACT or TAKS/EOC), Aptitude measure your potential to achieve (SAT), Interest Inventories measure levels of interest in different areas Define 15. Classical Conditioning 16. Acquisition 17. Discrimination 18. generalization 19. extinction 20. behavior modification 21. Heuristics 22. functional fixedness 23. flexibility 24. recombination 25. homeostasis 26. test validity 27. test reliability 28. cultural bias 29. Rorschach Ink blot test Psychology Review Part 3 – Chapters 14 - 20 Use your text and your notes to complete this review to be used on your Semester Exam. You may work in small groups as long as the volume is kept down! 1. According to Freud what are the three parts of the personality and their functions? a. Id – the devil on our shoulder, pleasure based, our inner child, it wants what it wants b. Superego – the angel on our shoulder, morally based, our inner mother, conscience, brings guilt c. Ego – ourselves, reality based, the part of our personality that chooses what will be done 2. What are the eight defense mechanisms that we studied? Describe each. a. Rationalization – making up acceptable excuses for behaviors that cause us to feel anxious b. Repression – pushing our thoughts out of consciousness into our unconsciousness. c. Denial – refusal to accept the reality of something that makes you anxious. d. Projection – assigning our own feelings to others. e. Reaction Formation – replacing an unacceptable feeling or urge with an opposite one. f. Regression – going back to an earlier and less mature pattern of behavior. g. Displacement – occurs when you cannot take out your anger on the source of your frustrations, so you take it out on a less powerful person instead h. Sublimation – refers to redirecting a forbidden desire into a socially acceptable desire. 3. What are contingencies of reinforcement and what type of psychology are they associated with? They are the positive reinforcements, negative reinforcements or punishments that teach us to behave in certain ways. They are associated with behaviorism 4. What is the trait theory of personality? Every person has certain personality traits that are quantifiable that define your basic personality. 5. How does your primary and secondary appraisal of a situation affect your stress level? Primary evaluation – immediate evaluation (irrelevant, positive, negative) secondary evaluation – how do I deal with a potentially stressful situation – coping stratagies 6. List and describe the 4 types of conflict situations: a. Approach-approach b. Avoidance – avoidance c. Approach - avoidance d. Double Approach - Avoidance 7. What is the fight or flight response? Response of the sympathetic nervous system 8. What is a dissociative disorder and what types of dissociative disorders exist? Experiencing alterations in memory, identity, or consciousness – dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder 9. What do brain images show happens to the brains of people who have schizophrenia? Ventricles are enlarged 10. What different types of schizophrenia exist? Paranoid, catatonic, disorganized, remission, undifferentiated 11. What is the difference between physical dependence on a drug and tolerance to a drug? Dependence will cause physical problems if you stop using, tolerance means you have to use more to have the same effect 12. What are the characteristics and techniques of client-centered therapy? Client and therapists are partners – use nondirective therapy, active listening and unconditional positive regard 13. What type of therapy is aimed at changing unrealistic assumptions about oneself and other people? Rationalemotive therapy 14. What are the three characteristics of a good therapist? Psychological health, empathy, experience in dealing with people and understanding their complexities 15. What are the three sides of Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of love? Passion, intimacy, commitment 16. Schachter’s experiment showed that high anxiety produced a need for human contact. Thank you! 17. What attitudes are most resistant to change? Internalized attitudes. Your Welcome! 18. Strategies such as the “foot-in-the-door” technique are aimed at influencing the audience. Good luck on the test! Define 19. self-actualization 20. unconditional positive regard 21. eustress 22. distress 23. obsession 24. compulsion 25. anxiety 26. Phobic Disorder 27. Panic Disorder 28. conversion disorder 29. Munchausen’s syndrome 30. bipolar disorder 31. psychoanalysis 32. resistance 33. cognitive dissonance