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Theory of Evolution (Natural Selection) Ideas of Evolution – first published by __________________ and now the basis of the _______________________________. HMS Beagle an English Ship – at the _________ Darwin took a job as a ______________. It was a ____ journey where collected __________ specimens at every port ______________ a group of small islands that was of great interest to Darwin. He made ____________ of _____________ of animals and _________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Next 22 yrs – Darwin worked to find an ________ for how ______ could ______over time. He modified the ideas of _________________ (who was studying how ______________ was growing faster than Earth’s food supply). Darwin & 2Types of Selection: Artificial Selection: _______ provides the ________ but _________ select those ______________that they found _____________ Natural Selection: when organisms with certain variations _______________________ variations to the ___________________ “Survival of the Fittest.” o 3 Types of Natural Selection Stabilizing: favors __________ individuals in a population; ex: _________________________________________________ Directional: favors _________________________ variations of a trait; ex: __________________________________________________ Disruptive: favors individuals with _______________________ of trait ex: ________________________ limpets blend in with light and dark rock 2 Types of Adaptation: Structural Adaptations: Arise _________________ ex: teeth, claws, thorns o Mimicry – enables one species to _______________ another o Camouflage – enables species to ___________ with their surrounding Physiological Adaptations: can develop ___________; changes _______processes (___) ex: Bacterial Resistance to Penicillin ____________________ Evidence for Evolution 1) Fossils – provide a ___________ of _____________ and evolutionary history 2) Anatomy – structural ______________ Homologous Structures: similarities in ___________ (look ______, different __________) ex: ____________________ Analogous Structures: similarities in __________ (look ___________; same _____________) ex: ___________________________ Vestigial Structures: body structures that have no function in ________ organism; probably _____________. ex: ______________________ 3) Embryology – similarities in the ________________ of growth and development ex: _______________________________ it is difficult to distinguish embryos 4) Biochemistry – comparison of the ______________________ sequences. *All evidence only shows _________________ Mechanisms of Evolution Populations – consists of ______________ of a _______ that live in that area; evolution occurs as a ________________ change over time ________________ o Gene Pool – all the ______ in a population o Allelic Frequency – percentage of any specific allele in a _____________ (Hardy Weinberg Principle = p2+2pq+q2=1) Genetic Equilibrium – population’s genes remains the _______ (not evolving) Changes in Genetic Equilibrium: 1) Natural Selection: Survival of the Fittest – _____________________ 2) Mutation: changes in __________________; many are lethal 3) Genetic Drift: alterations of alleles by __________events; usually in _____________________ populations ex: _______________ 4) Gene flow: movement of individuals ________________ of a population Evolution of a species?? How?? Species – ________that look alike; can __________ to produce _______ offspring Speciation – evolution of _________; occurs when members of similar population __ __________________ to produce _________________________ o Causes of speciation Geographic Isolation – when two ____________ are _____________ by _____________ barriers ex: ______________________ Behavioral Isolation – when two populations are __________ of _________________ but have differences in _________________ Temporal (Reproductive) Isolation - when species ________________ at ________ times ex: ____________________________________ Polyploidy – multiple sets of __________ Patterns of Evolution Divergent Evolution – where species that were _____________ become different o Adaptive Radiation - _________ evolution that occurs when a species evolves into an ____________ to fit ____________ ex: ____________________ Convergent Evolution – when _________ related organisms evolve __________ traits due to ______________________ ex: ______________________