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Natural Selection Notes
Chapters 15, 16 and 17
Evolution - _______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
I. Important Scientists Timeline
A. Aristotle (400 BC) – ___________________________________________________________
B. Carl Linnaeus (1727) - _________________________________________________________
C. James Hutton (1785) - _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
D. Lamark (1809) – _____________________________________________________________
1. _____________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________
E. Charles Lyell (1833) - _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
F. August Weismann (1850’s) - ____________________________________________________
G. Charles Darwin (1831)- ________________________________________________________
1. _____________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________
*** Origin of Species by Natural Section Published in 1859 ***
II. Evidence for Evolution
A. Fossil Records – Fossils reveal the prehistoric existence of ___________ species. As a
result, changes in species and the formation of new species can be studied.
Fun Fact: __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
B. Comparative Anatomy – Comparing the structures of different organisms
1. Analogous Structure – Organisms have similar body part because they evolved in
response to a similar ______________ challenges.
Fun Fact: _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Homologous Structure - Body structures could resemble one another in different
species because they have evolved from a __________________ ancestor.
3. Vestigial Organs – An organ that was once useful in an animal’s evolutionary past, but
now has no apparent or predictable function. Example: _________________________
C. Embryology – Reveals similar stages of development among related species. The similarities
help establish ___________________________.
Fun Fact: __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
D. Molecular Biology – By examining the __________________ sequences of DNA as well ast
the resulting amino acids and proteins from different species, scientists can infer that closely
related species share ______________________ of sequences then species distantly related.
Fun Fact: __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
III. Natural Selection
A. Natural Selection - The differences in survival and reproduction among individuals in a
population due to environmental pressures.
B. Darwin – Presented his theory for natural selection using the following arguments:
1. Resources are limited: (Example ___________________________________________)
2. Individuals Compete for Survival: ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Variation among Individuals: _______________________________________________
4. Only the Fit Survive: _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
C. During Darwin’s investigation he did not know about ___________ or _________. He was
therefore, unable to explain two things:
1. ______________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________
D. Applying genetics to Darwin’s theory of Natural selection. How is genetic ________________
produced in a population?
1. Mutation: _____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Gene Shuffling: _________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
E. Natural selection can affect a population in three ways:
1. Direction Selection: _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Stabilizing Selection: _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Disruptive Selection: ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
IV. The Process of Speciation
A. Speciation: The formation of a new species can occur when populations become
reproductively isolated from each other.
1. Behavioral Isolation: ___________________________________________________
Example: ____________________________________________________________
2. Geographic Isolation: ___________________________________________________
Example: ____________________________________________________________
3. Temporal Isolation: _____________________________________________________
Example: ____________________________________________________________
B. Speciation in Darwin’s Finches
1. Founders Arrives: _______________________________________________________
2. Separation of Populations: ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Changes in the Gene Pool: ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Reproductive Isolation: ___________________________________________________
5. Continued Evolution: _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
V. Patterns of Evolution
A. Convergent Evolution: ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Example:
B. Coevolution: _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Example:
C. Punctuated Equilibrium: ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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