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Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 1 differentiation hypothesis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. catalyst product macromolecule carbohydrate protein eukaryote endoplasmic reticulum diffusion chloroplast prokaryote mitochondria osmosis nucleus Describe the differences between a prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell, and virus. Describe the differences between a plant cell and an animal cell? How do the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus work together to secrete proteins? Describe the structure and function of ribosomes. Describe the structure and function of the mitochondria. Describe the structure and function of the chloroplast. Why is the cell membrane called semi-permeable? How does the cell membrane regulate what enters and leaves the cell? Describe the different types of active and passive transport and give an example of a molecule that does each. When will molecules stop moving across the cell membrane? Chapter 8 photosynthesis 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. activation energy enzyme organic compound amino acid nucleic acid What is an enzyme? What does an enzyme do? What factors affect the reaction rate of an enzyme? Draw a graph showing the effects with and without and enzyme. Name the four types of organic compounds? Describe the difference between the make up of the four organic compounds? (How do you recognize each?) What are the monomers for each of the four types of organic compounds? What makes one protein different from another protein? Chapter 7 cell membrane golgi apparatus ribosome concentration gradient 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. experimental group theory What are the common units and tools used to measure: mass, temperature, volume, distance and magnification? How do you use each tool? Give an example of a possible unavoidable error during a scientific experiment. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? What are the positives and negatives of using models and theories as reality in science? What is a controlled experiment and why are they so important in science? What are the 2 groups in a controlled experiment and what is the difference between each? Describe the scientific method? Chapter 6 bond energy reactant polymer / monomer lipid 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. control group power of magnification respiration chloroplast How are photosynthesis and respiration related? Describe the process of photosynthesis. What enters and leaves photosynthesis (reactants and products)? Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place? Describe the process of respiration. What enters and leaves respiration (reactants and products)? Where in the cell does respiration take place? mitochondria ATP Chapter 9, 10, and 12 diploid meiosis tRNA translation mutation haploid gamete DNA nucleus zygote chromosome mRNA replication ribosome fertilization mitosis rRNA transcription 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. What is meiosis? How is it different in males and females? What type of cell undergoes the process of meiosis? How is meiosis different than mitosis? Give 5 differences. Why must meiotic cells be haploid? How are gametes (sex cells) different from somatic (body) cells? Why must half of your DNA come from your mom and half from your dad? What chromosomes determine a male versus a female? What causes variation or genetic recombination in a population? What is fertilization and how does it contribute to variation in a population? Describe the structure of DNA. Draw a picture of a nucleotide and label the 3 parts. How is RNA different from DNA? Describe the process of semi-conservative DNA replication. Where in the cell does this occur? Describe the process of protein synthesis (Transcription and Translation). Where in the cell do these processes occur? What are the base paring rules for DNA? For RNA? Transcribe and translate the following DNA strand: (Use the chart on pg 338) TACGGGCTTCTTTTTACT 48. Describe the 3 types of RNA. How is each involved in protein synthesis? 49. How does a mutation in DNA affect the outcome of a protein? 50. Are all proteins the same? Why or why not? Chapter 11 dominant x-linked recessive autosomal genotype phenotype Law of Independent Assortment mutation Law of Segregation 51. What is phenotype? 52. How is phenotype different from genotype? 53. In peas, yellow pod color is dominant to green pod color. Give the results of the following crosses: a. Heterozygous yellow x homozygous recessive green b. Heterozygous yellow x heterozygous yellow c. Homozygous dominant yellow x homozygous recessive green 54. Cross a heterozygous tall and homozygous green plant with a homozygous tall, heterozygous yellow plant. What are the probabilities that the offspring will he the following? a. Tall and green b. Tall and yellow c. Short and green d. Short and yellow 55. Describe the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. How do they increase the variation in a population? 56. What is the difference between autosomal inheritance and sex-linked inheritance? 57. If a disease is X-linked who has a greater chance of inheriting the disease a male of female and why? Chapter 12 & 13 Specialization gene expression biotechnology 58. What causes cell specialization? 59. What is gene expression? 60. What controls gene expression? 61. Why can two cells become different (ex: skin and muscle) if they contain the same DNA? 62. What is cloning? 63. What are restriction enzymes and how do they work? 64. What is gene therapy? 65. How is biotechnology used to produce biomedical and agricultural products?