Download Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide

Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide 
Chapter 1
differentiation
hypothesis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
catalyst
product
macromolecule
carbohydrate
protein
eukaryote
endoplasmic reticulum
diffusion
chloroplast
prokaryote
mitochondria
osmosis
nucleus
Describe the differences between a prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell, and virus.
Describe the differences between a plant cell and an animal cell?
How do the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus work together to secrete proteins?
Describe the structure and function of ribosomes.
Describe the structure and function of the mitochondria.
Describe the structure and function of the chloroplast.
Why is the cell membrane called semi-permeable?
How does the cell membrane regulate what enters and leaves the cell?
Describe the different types of active and passive transport and give an example of a molecule that does each.
When will molecules stop moving across the cell membrane?
Chapter 8
photosynthesis
25.
26.
27.
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31.
activation energy
enzyme
organic compound
amino acid
nucleic acid
What is an enzyme?
What does an enzyme do?
What factors affect the reaction rate of an enzyme?
Draw a graph showing the effects with and without and enzyme.
Name the four types of organic compounds?
Describe the difference between the make up of the four organic compounds? (How do you recognize each?)
What are the monomers for each of the four types of organic compounds?
What makes one protein different from another protein?
Chapter 7
cell membrane
golgi apparatus
ribosome
concentration gradient
15.
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24.
experimental group
theory
What are the common units and tools used to measure: mass, temperature, volume, distance and magnification? How do
you use each tool?
Give an example of a possible unavoidable error during a scientific experiment.
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
What are the positives and negatives of using models and theories as reality in science?
What is a controlled experiment and why are they so important in science? What are the 2 groups in a controlled
experiment and what is the difference between each?
Describe the scientific method?
Chapter 6
bond
energy
reactant
polymer / monomer
lipid
7.
8.
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10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
control group
power of magnification
respiration
chloroplast
How are photosynthesis and respiration related?
Describe the process of photosynthesis.
What enters and leaves photosynthesis (reactants and products)?
Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place?
Describe the process of respiration.
What enters and leaves respiration (reactants and products)?
Where in the cell does respiration take place?
mitochondria
ATP
Chapter 9, 10, and 12
diploid
meiosis
tRNA
translation
mutation
haploid
gamete
DNA
nucleus
zygote
chromosome
mRNA
replication
ribosome
fertilization
mitosis
rRNA
transcription
32.
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47.
What is meiosis? How is it different in males and females?
What type of cell undergoes the process of meiosis?
How is meiosis different than mitosis? Give 5 differences.
Why must meiotic cells be haploid?
How are gametes (sex cells) different from somatic (body) cells?
Why must half of your DNA come from your mom and half from your dad?
What chromosomes determine a male versus a female?
What causes variation or genetic recombination in a population?
What is fertilization and how does it contribute to variation in a population?
Describe the structure of DNA.
Draw a picture of a nucleotide and label the 3 parts.
How is RNA different from DNA?
Describe the process of semi-conservative DNA replication. Where in the cell does this occur?
Describe the process of protein synthesis (Transcription and Translation). Where in the cell do these processes occur?
What are the base paring rules for DNA? For RNA?
Transcribe and translate the following DNA strand: (Use the chart on pg 338)
TACGGGCTTCTTTTTACT
48. Describe the 3 types of RNA. How is each involved in protein synthesis?
49. How does a mutation in DNA affect the outcome of a protein?
50. Are all proteins the same? Why or why not?
Chapter 11
dominant
x-linked
recessive
autosomal
genotype
phenotype
Law of Independent Assortment
mutation
Law of Segregation
51. What is phenotype?
52. How is phenotype different from genotype?
53. In peas, yellow pod color is dominant to green pod color. Give the results of the
following crosses:
a. Heterozygous yellow x homozygous recessive green
b. Heterozygous yellow x heterozygous yellow
c. Homozygous dominant yellow x homozygous recessive green
54. Cross a heterozygous tall and homozygous green plant with a homozygous tall,
heterozygous yellow plant. What are the probabilities that the offspring will he the following?
a. Tall and green
b. Tall and yellow
c. Short and green
d. Short and yellow
55. Describe the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. How do they increase the variation in a
population?
56. What is the difference between autosomal inheritance and sex-linked inheritance?
57. If a disease is X-linked who has a greater chance of inheriting the disease a male of female and why?
Chapter 12 & 13
Specialization
gene expression
biotechnology
58. What causes cell specialization?
59. What is gene expression?
60. What controls gene expression?
61. Why can two cells become different (ex: skin and muscle) if they contain the same DNA?
62. What is cloning?
63. What are restriction enzymes and how do they work?
64. What is gene therapy?
65. How is biotechnology used to produce biomedical and agricultural products?