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Transcript
Chapter 14 Lecture Notes page 1 A. functions 1. production of lymphocytes (cloning) in response to foreign antigens a. types of antigens pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans cancer cells foreign proteins such as bacterial toxins b. cloning is the production of exact genetic copies by mitosis only the lymphocytes that can “fight” the antigens are activated, saving time and energy while still providing protection against a wide variety of potential pathogens c. the clone members produce an immune response cell-mediated - T lymphocytes attack and destroy cancer cells or cells that are infected with viruses antibody-mediated – B lymphocytes make antibodies (protein molecules that can recognize the antigen) the antibodies prevent the pathogens from infecting new cells and help other immune system components to eliminate the pathogens BIOL 2404 Strong/Fall 2006 Chapter 14 Lecture Notes page 2 2. returning excess tissue fluid (about 3 liters per day) and other materials (proteins, lipids) to the blood in addition, this forces a sample of extracellular fluid to pass through a series of lymph nodes on its way back to the blood; cells in the lymph nodes check the fluid going through them for the presence of pathogens and cancer cells and initiate an immune response if they are detected (this is called immune surveillance) B. lymph vessels lymph consists of excess tissue fluid and proteins that have leaked out of capillaries 1. lymphatic capillaries are very small, blind-ended tubes located everywhere except the CNS they are made of endothelial cells that overlap but are not completely attached to each other fluid and large molecules can easily enter the lymphatic capillaries through openings between the cells BIOL 2404 Strong/Fall 2006 Chapter 14 Lecture Notes page 3 2. lymphatic capillaries empty into larger lymphatic vessels that are similar to veins 3. all lymphatic vessels eventually empty into either the: a. thoracic duct - legs, abdomen, left head, left arm, left thorax the thoracic duct enters the left subclavian vein just before the internal jugular vein b. right lymphatic duct - right head, right arm and right thorax the right lymphatic duct enters the right subclavian vein just before the internal jugular vein C. lymphoid organs 1. lymph nodes are small (1 to 25 mm) organs situated along the lymphatic vessels afferent lymphatic vessels enter lymph nodes, allowing lymph to flow among the lymphatic cells on the other side of the lymph node, an efferent lymphatic vessel takes the lymph away lymph nodes contain lymphocytes and macrophages that detect anything that should not be present in the lymph and initiate an immune response against it BIOL 2404 Strong/Fall 2006 Chapter 14 Lecture Notes page 4 lymph nodes are located wherever there are lymph vessels, but there are large clusters of them in certain regions of the body: o cervical o axillary o inguinal 2. thymus located in mediastinum superior to heart function is T lymphocyte maturation decreases in size after puberty 3. spleen located lateral to stomach in upper left abdomen just below diaphragm BIOL 2404 Strong/Fall 2006 Chapter 14 Lecture Notes page 5 macrophages remove abnormal blood cells lymphocytes initiate immune response against antigens (similar to what lymph nodes do with lymph) injury to the spleen can cause extensive internal bleeding because of it’s large blood supply o often requires removal o functions are redundant 4. mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) consists of masses of lymphoid tissue (containing lymphocytes) located in the lining of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts (areas where microbes may enter the body) the lymphocytes detect microbes and initiate an immune response against them a. the tonsils are very large masses of lymphoid nodules located in the pharynx pharyngeal palatine lingual tubular - surrounds opening of pharyngotympanic b. Peyer’s patches are lymphoid nodules located in the ileum (last section of the small intestine) BIOL 2404 Strong/Fall 2006