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Biology First Semester Final Review
CHAPTER 1
1.What is the scientific process? Define and provide examples of the following
observations, data, hypothesis, independent and dependent variable. Discuss the
difference between qualitative and quantitative data.
2. What characteristics are shared by all living things?
3. How are species related to the term biodiversity?
CHAPTER 2
4. Define the following atom, element and compound.
5. Sketch and label an Oxygen atom. Include energy levels, electrons, protons, and
neutrons
6. What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond?
7. Sketch a water molecule; show and define hydrogen bond
8. What 3 important properties are the hydrogen bonds in water responsible for?
Define and provide examples of each
9. Sketch the pH scale include acid, bases and hydrogen ion concentrations
10. Identify the structure & function of the four major macromolecules
(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) Provide examples of each.
Life depends on chemical reactions!
11. Define chemical reaction. List three examples.
12.Be able to identify the products and reactants in a given chemical equation.
Example: 6CO2+C6H12O6
6CO2 + 6H2O
Chemical reactions release or absorb energy!
13. Define activation energy, exothermic, endothermic
14. Sketch Fig. 2.20 Exothermic and Endothermic reactions
15. Describe the Lock and Key model (enzyme function)
CHAPTER 3
16. Explain the three major principles of the cell theory
17. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Organelle
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosome
Cell Membrane
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Function
Plant/Animal/Both
Prokaryotic
/Eukaryotic/
Both
Lysosome
Cell Wall
Centriole
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
Cytoskeleton
The cell membrane is a barrier that separates the cell from the external
Environment!
18. Explain the Fluid Mosaic Model. Include phospholipids bilayer (heads and
tails), selective permeability.
19. How does the cell membrane aid in homeostasis?
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20. Explain Hyp tonic, Isotonic and Hypertonic Solutions
21. Define Active and passive transport and list examples
CHAPER 4
All cells need chemical energy
22. Define ATP and ADP
23. How are ATP and ADP related?
24. How are some organisms able to survive without sunlight and photosynthesis?
(Hint: What is chemosynthesis?)
25. Chloroplasts absorb energy from sunlight and produce sugars through the process
of photosynthesis. Copy that sentence.
26. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
Identify the products and reactants.
27. Where does photosynthesis occur?
28. Describe the steps of photosynthesis.
Stage 1: Light Dependent
Stage 2: Light Independent
29. Overall, do you think photosynthesis is endothermic or exothermic? Explain.
The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.
30. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
Identify the products and the reactants.
31.Where does cellular respiration occur? (Name the organelle)
32.Is cellular respiration anaerobic or aerobic? Why?
33. Explain what the function of cellular respiration is.
Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen
34.Explain lactic acid fermentation.
35.Explain Alcoholic Fermentation.
CHAPTER 5
36.Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions.
37.Describe the 4 main stages of the cell cycle.
38.During which stage of the cell cycle is DNA copied?
Cells Divide during mitosis and cytokinesis
39.Sketch and label a chromosome
40.Describe the steps of mitosis
Cell cycle regulation is necessary for cell growth
41.Explain how cancer cells are different from healthy cells.
42.How do benign and malignant tumors differ?
Asexual Reproduction: Many organisms reproduce by cell division
43.What is binary fission? How is it different from mitosis?
43.5 What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction? What
are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
Multicellular Life: Cells work together to carry out complex functions
44. What are the defining characteristics of stem cells?
45. Describe how tissues, organs and organ systems are similar.
CHAPTER 6
46.Chromosome and Meiosis: Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that
body cells have
47.What are somatic cells? Germ cells?
48.What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?
49.What is the difference between diploid cells and haploid cells?
Hint: gametes are haploid and body cells are diploid
Process of Meiosis: During meiosis, diploid cells undergo two cell divisions that results
in haploid cells
50.Describe meiosis I and meiosis II
(Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II
Anaphase II Telophase II)
51.What is the major difference between metaphase I and metaphase II?
Mendel and Heredity: Mendel’s research showed traits are inherited as discrete units
52.Describe Mendel’s Experimental Cross
53.What is the law of segregation?
Traits, Genes, and Alleles: Genes encode proteins that produce a wide range of traits
54.How are the terms gene, locus and allele related?
54.5 Draw a funny picture of your teacher
55.Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype.
Traits and probability: The inheritance of traits follows the rules of probability
56.State Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment.
57.Set up a Punnett Square for the cross listed below.
A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt)
What percentage will be tall?
Meiosis and genetic Variation: Independent assortment and crossing over during
meiosis results in genetic diversity.
Chapter 7
58.How can we tell if an organism is a carrier for a recessive allele trait?
59.If a disorder is sex linked, which 2 chromosomes may it be found on?
60.If a trait is x-linked and recessive, do males or females have a greater chance in
inheriting the trait?
61.Describe how the phenotype of an organism may show codominance or
incomplete dominance.
62.Draw an imaginary pedigree for your siblings, parents, and grandparents. Make
your grandmother a carrier for hemophilia (sex linked) give your father hemophilia.
Will you have hemophilia? Why or why not.?
63.What is a Karyotype? Give 2 examples of how defective chromosomes may cause
defects.
CHAPTER 8
Structure of DNA: DNA structure is the same in all organisms
64. Describe the structure of DNA.
65.Explain DNA replication include the location it occurs
66.Explain Transcription include the location it occurs
67.Describe the structure of RNA
68.How Do DNA and RNA differ? (3 ways please)
69.Explain Translation include where it occurs
Mutations: Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype
Original DNA Strand: ATACGCGGTAGCC
70. MAKE the following MUTATED Strands – CIRCLE THE CHANGE
71. Point Mutation (SUBSTITUTION)
72. Frameshift (ADDITION or DELETION)
73. Using the DNA strand, create the RNA sequence, and give the amino acid chain.