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Transcript
Human Anatomy #2 Immune System Germ theory states that o A disease can be either Infectious diseases Noninfectious diseases Not caused by They result from a person’s o Germ theory was proposed by o Led to Robert Koch found that he could make healthy animals sick by o Disease causing agent (germ) is called a o From his experiments he concluded that four conditions must be met before it can be said that a certain pathogen causes a disease – Koch’s Postulates: The pathogen thought to be the cause of the disease must be present in The pathogen must be isolated and grown outside the body in Healthy animals injected with the pure culture must The pathogen must be re-isolated and cultured from the newly sick animal and must be There are different o Bacteria Some bacteria cause illness by Other bacteria release Can be treated with antibiotics Some fungal & parasitic infections are treated with a combination of drugs including antibiotics Antibiotics are NOT effective in treating o Viruses Cannot reproduce on their own. They must force host cells to Very Best way to protect against viral infection lies in prevention by the use of vaccines When injected a vaccine stimulates Most provide protection only if Once the virus has been contracted o Fungi can be Cause disease by Usually occur in Example o Protozoa are Use host cells to Take Example o Parasites Grow and feed on a Some parasites Example Different pathogens cause Pathogens can enter the body in o Pathogens can be transferred by o Indirect contact does not Some can be transmitted by Others can be transmitted by Vectors o Direct contact requires Includes: Kissing Sexual intercourse Hand shaking Many body systems protect you from o The immune system is the body system that o Many other tissues and systems help The circulatory system Nonspecific defenses o First Line of Defense against pathogens is nonspecific o Includes: Skin is Mucous membranes Second line of defense (if pathogens enter body): o Inflammatory Response (nonspecific) Inflammatory Response begins when mast cells or basophils Histamines cause When this happens White blood cells Fever Low fevers (~100°) High fevers (more than 103°) Cells and proteins o White blood cells Phagocytes Lymphocytes: T cells B cells 6 types of white blood cells: Three types of proteins o Complement proteins: Some Some Some o Antibodies Destroy pathogens in one of 3 ways: Make it ineffective by Some Others o Interferons Interferons stimulate uninfected body cells to Other interferons stimulate the Immunity o There are 2 types of immunity: 1) Passive immunity Transferred between generations through Genetic immunity Inherited immunity occurs when pathogen fighting antibodies in a mother’s immune system are passed to the unborn baby through the umbilical cord or through the mother’s milk 2) Active Immunity Specific Defenses o Specific immune responses begin with Antigens are Each pathogen has a o When the immune system detects a pathogen There are two specific immune responses They both produce Immunity is acquired when your body produces Memory cells When memory cells encounter the antigen a second time o Cellular immunity o Humoral immunity Allergies occur when the immune system responds to o When someone has an allergy, the immune system produces antibodies in response to an Allergens are Allergens cause o There are different allergens: Foods Airborne Chemical o Allergens can cause Anaphylaxis is Immune system releases large quantities of Causes blood vessels to become too Causes airways to tighten so If not treated immediately, anaphylaxis can cause Autoimmune diseases occur when o Autoimmune diseases are White blood cells cannot tell the difference between White blood cells treat the body cells like they are Tissues o There are over o Common autoimmune diseases: When the immune system is weakened the body cannot o Leukemia is Does not form It prevents Characterized by immature white blood cells that Causes a Leukemia leads to Opportunistic infections HIV targets the o The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a o Retrovirus is a type of virus that contains o Attacks and weakens the o Is transmitted by Can only live in human blood cells and will not HIV is transmitted through: Sexual intercourse with an infected individual From infected mothers to their unborn children Using a needle from an infected individual HIV reproduces in Step 1: When HIV first enters the body, T cells activate B cells and the activated B cells make Step 2: Because HIV kills T cells and reproduces more quickly than T cells, as HIV continues to reproduce Step 3:With fewer T cells, B cells cannot be activated to make antibodies. HIV and pathogens that cause opportunistic diseases o HIV infection leads to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) A person with AIDs can have AIDS always results in