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AP Psychology Exam: Review Packet
My Study Check list:
Commit information from notes to memory, don’t just look at them
Read ALL of my note cards
Relearn, or learn (if you didn’t the first time), the following names and terms
Take practice exams provided by Mrs. Bost and/or Mrs. Hunnicutt
Ask for clarification of anything & everything I don’t understand
Realize good scores take effort, they don’t just appear
Put in the necessary effort!!!!!
Exam Tips
Multiple Choice: 70 minutes (42 seconds per question) – You have to know you stuff!!!
• No blanks!!!!! (You are NOT penalized for guessing.)
Free Response: 50 minutes (approximately 25 minutes per essay)

No blanks!!!!! - guess if you must, but

NO circular definitions!!!!!!!

Write in mini-paragraphs
NEVER leave a blank
 ALWAYS give definitions AND applications

Underline key words

Load up your FR with psychology vocabulary (pretend your reader doesn’t know anything about
psychology – like Tom Cruise!)
Watch Your TIME! GOOD LUCK!
Exam Breakdown
MC: 66 ⅔ %: The percentages below relate to the number of MC questions you will see on each topic. Study accordingly.
2-4%
history
6-8%
methods and approaches
8-10% biological bases of behavior
7-9%
sensation and perception
2-4%
states of consciousness
7-9%
learning
8-10% cognition
7-9%
motivation and emotion
7-9%
developmental psychology
6-8%
personality
5-7%
testing and individual differences
7-9%
abnormal psychology
5-7%
treatment of psychological disorders
7-9%
social psychology
FRQs: 33 ⅓ %: Questions may be very broad or very specific. Study accordingly.
A 90 or higher on the multiple choice will almost guarantee you a 5.
The quality of your FR will be the tipping point.
Review Sites
Quick Reference: click a concept; get linked to an explanation http://academics.tjhsst.edu/psych/oldPsych/
Concept Maps: http://www.marshfield.k12.wi.us/faculty/veers/ap-powerpoints.cfm
Practice Tests: http://www.ghaps.org/portengaa/Psych%20Weblinks.html
Vocabulary Flash Cards: http://www.flashcardmachine.com/p/psych/terms
Psychology Glossary: http://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx#i
Who’s Who Among Psychology
Names & Studies You MUST Know
Researchers &
Theorists
1.
2.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
Adler, Alfred
Ainsworth, Mary
Allport, Gordon
Asch, Solomon
Atkinson, John.
Bacon, Sir Francis
Bandura, Albert
Text Unit
Personality
Development
Personality
Social Behavior
Cognition
Introduction
Conditioning
and learning
Area of Study
Basics of Study
Psychodynamic
(Neo-Freudian)
Social creatures governed
by social urges; struggle to
overcome imperfections,
drive for competence,
completion and mastery of
shortcomings
Attachment
Studied Bowlby’s idea of
attachment in “Strange
Situation” - to see how
babies act when their
mother returns after a brief
separation
Trait Theory
Conformity
Memory storage
History /Origins of
Psychology
Observational
learning
Key Concepts
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Birth order
Inferiority complex
Striving for superiority
compensation
Style of life
Fictional finalism
Stranger Situation
Separation Anxiety
Attachment Types
 secure
 Anxious/insecure-ambivalent
 Anxious/insecure – avoidant
 Insecure-disorganized
Study traits specific to most
members of a culture; a
person's unique qualities;
traits so basic to personality
all activity traced back to it;
building blocks to
personality; superficial -study the root of different
types of prejudice
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Group of students at a table,
all but one are actors who
give the wrong answer
about a third of the time
when matching sizes of
lines
 Social influences
 conformity
 Group pressure
“Box Theory of Memory”
L TM contains everything
you know about the world;
nearly limitless; more you
know the easier to add new
info
“Father of Empiricism”, his
demand for studying
everything methodically led
to today’s scientific
methods
- Angry boys severely
punished at home so they
suppressed misbehavior at
home and were aggressive
elsewhere --children
watched an adult attack a
blow up doll, others
watched movie of this, a
third watched a cartoon
version; then good toys
were taken from them and
they were given the blow up
doll, most imitated adult
behavior even the cartoon
Common traits
Cardinal traits
Individual traits
Central traits
Secondary traits
Personal prejudice
Group prejudice
 Long term memory
 Short term memory
 Sensory register
 Empiricism
 Scientific method
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Bobo Doll Study
Aggression
Modeling
Social learning theory
Social cognitive theory (update)
Reciprocal determinism
Self-efficacy
8.
9.
Baumrind, Diana
Beck, Aaron
10. Bem, Sandra
Development
Parenting Styles
Stated that parents fall into
one of three parenting
styles, later added
neglectful; recommended
style is authoritative, it
produces kids with higher
self-esteem and confidence
Therapies
Cognitive
Theory of
Depression
-distortions in thinking that
are negative and selfdefeating
Gender and
Sexuality
Androgyny
11. Binet, Alfred
Intelligence
Standard Tests
12. Bowlby, John
Child
Development
Attachment
Theory
Biological Basis
Brain & Language
13. Broca, Paul
14. Buss, David
15. Calkins, Mary
16. Cartwright,
Rosalind
Perspectives
Evolutionary
History of
Psychology
Self- Psychology
States of
Consciousness
Dreams
17. Cattell, Raymond
Personality
Trait Theory
18. Chomsky, Noam
Development
Language
19. Darley, John &
Latane, Bibb
Social
Psychology
Prosocial Behavior
Bern Sex Role Inventory
which combined 20
masculine traits, 20
feminine and 20 neutral
then asked people which
traits applied to them
With Theodore Simon,
created the first intelligence
test, test was originally
intended to identify
deficient students
Attachment theory –
emotional connectedness
between parent & child,
4 characteristics of
attachment = secure,
proximity maintenance,
safe haven, secure base, &
separation distress
French physician,
discovered speech
production center is in left
frontal lobe, autopsy on
“Tan” revealed damage in
left frontal lobe
Perspective that states we
develop patterns of
behaving that have adaptive
qualities geared toward
survival
Wrote: The Murdered Next
Door
Was the first female PhD
psy candidate, a student of
Williams James at Harvard,
but was denied her degree
based on her gender
Dreams are "feeling
statements" and the
emotional tone is a major
clue to meaning; try to
change dreams
Identified 16 source traits
(groups of surface traits)
and graphs a picture of
personalities to compare.
Universal traits:
Biological readiness to
develop language; language
patterns inborn
The more potential helpers
present the less likely
people are to help
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Authoritarian
Authoritative
Indulgent/permissive
Neglectful
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“Cognitive Triad”
Selective perception
Overgeneralization
Al or-nothing thinking
 Androgyny
 Adaptability
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Binet-Simon test (1905)
Mental Age
Ratio IQ
Norm
 His theory led to Ainsworth’s
research
 Secure attachments
 Estrangement
 Broca’s area
 Expressive aphasia
 Famous patient= “Tan”
 Mating practices,
 Jealousy as a survival practice
*A professor at UT – maybe he
can help you “survive” college
 “Guest” student at Harvard
1892 (though she outscored her
male counterparts)
 First female APA president
 Dreams = problem solving
 Lucid dreaming
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16 PF test
Surface traits
Source traits
Factor analysis
Influenced five-factor model
Language Acquisition Device
Critical periods
Universal grammar
Nativist theory
 Bystander Effect/apathy
 Diffusion of Responsibility
20. Darwin, Charles
21. Descartes, Renee
22. Dement, William
23. Ebbinghaus,
Herman
24. Ekman, Paul &
Friesen, Wallace
25. Ellis, Albert
26. Erikson, Erik
27. Eysenck, Hans &
Sybil
28. Festinger, Leon &
Smith, Carl
29. Festinger, Leon
30. Freud, Anna
Motivation and
Emotion
Introduction
States of
Consciousness
Memory
Motivation &
Emotion
Therapies
Development
Personality
Expressing
Emotions
History/Origins of
Psychology
Dreams
Memory Retention
Emotion
Cognitive Therapy
Psychosocial
Stages
Trait Theorist
Social
Psychology
Attitude
Changes
Social Behavior
Social
Comparison
Theory
Health, Stress, &
Coping ,
Development
Psychoanalysis
Personality
Disorders
Emotional expressions are
carryover from human
evolution to communicate
feelings that aid survival
 Influenced evolutionary
perspective
 Cousin =Sir Francis Galton
Believed the mind and body
are separate entities, the
mind controls the body, but
the body can influence the
otherwise rational mind,
such as when people act out
of passion
 Dualism
Wake up volunteers every
time they entered REM
sleep which made "dream
sleep" more urgent; when
allowed to dream dreamt
more after
 REM rebound
 REM sleep
Memorized nonsense
syllables and then waited
various lengths before
testing his memory,
increased rehearsal leads to
increased retention
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Studied remote tribe to
discover if facial
expressions are universal
 Universal facial expressions
People become unhappy
and develop self defeating
habits because they have
unrealistic of faulty beliefs
 REBT
Life Span/Psychodynamic Elaborated on Freud’s
theory, believed we face
psychosocial crisis at each
stage of life
Forgetting curve
Retention Curve
Nonsense syllables
Spacing Effect
(Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)
 Identity Crisis
 Psychosocial Stages
 Crises & Basic Strengths
Three-Factor Theory
Personality is measured on
Neuroticism, Extroversion
& Psychoticism demenions,
plus stable and unstable
aspects of those three traits
 Personality types used Galen’s
original terms
 Influenced McCrae & Costa
College students perform
boring task for a long time
then lured others. Those
paid more kept original
view and those paid less
changed attitude
 Cognitive dissonance theory
Group members fill need
for comparing own actions,
feelings, opinions or
abilities to others
 Social comparison
 Downward comparison
 Upward comparison
Established importance of
ego functions and defense
mechanisms =Researched
children in developmental
stages and saw symptoms
alike to adult disorders
 Expanded defense
mechanisms
31. Freud, Sigmund
32. Friedman, Meyer
& Rosenman, Ray
Personality
Health, Stress &
Coping
-Dreams
Psychoanalytic
Theory
=psychoanalysis
Cardiac
Personality
Dreams are based on
internal conflicts and
unconscious forces
=personality dynamic
system directed by three
mental structures; core of
personality formed in stages
before age six =neurosis
and hysteria caused by
repressed memory, motives,
conflict
Study of heart problems,
classified personalities and
effects
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Iceberg (levels of consciousness)
wish fulfillment
psychodynamic theory
dream symbols
id, ego, superego
Psychosexual stages
 Type A personalities
 Type B personalities
 Jenkins Activity Survey
(measures Type-A personality)
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33. Galton, Sir Francis
34. Garcia, John
35. Gardner, Howard
Intelligence
Motivation &
Emotion
Intelligence
Differential
Psychology
Taste Aversion
Multiple
Intelligence
Theory
36. Gazzaniga, Michael
Biological Basis
Brain
37. Gibson, Eleanor &
Walk, R.D.
Sensation &
Perception
Depth
Perception
38. Gilligan, Carol
39. Goleman, Daniel
40. Hall, G. Stanley
41. Harlow, Harry
Development
Moral
Dilemmas
Intelligence
Emotional
Intelligence
Intelligence/
Development
Development
Adolescence
Attachments
Believed intelligence runs
in families & that breeding
should be selective, cousin
of Charles Darwin
Applied statistical
measures to the study of
human differences
 Coined term “Nurture vs.
Nature”
 Invented correlation method
 Introduced the use of
questionnaires/surveys
 Eugenics
Coyotes given lamb tainted
with lithium chloride to
become nauseated making
them develop longtime
distaste for tainted food
 Conditioning taste aversion
 Bait shyness
Theorizes that there are
eight different kinds of
intelligence; mental
languages used for thinking
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Brain efficiency has as
much to do with
intelligence as size; split
brain
Place 6-14 month infants in
middle of visual cliff with
choice of shallow and deep
sides; most chose shallow
Language
Logic and math
Visual/ spatial
Music
Bodily-kinesthetic
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Naturalistic
 Split brain research
 Depth perception
 Visual cliff (babies on edge)
The ethic of caring about
others; presents story to 1115 children; boys chose
justice, girls best for all
 Critic of Kohlberg
 Moral development
 Relationships vs. justice
Argued that non-cognitive
skills can matter as much as
I.Q. for workplace success
 Emotional Intelligence
 EQ, instead of IQ
Examine childhood to view
importance of inherited
behavior; studied
adolescents and effect on
education
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Separate baby monkeys and
replace surrogates some
cold wire other soft fabric;
infants chose soft
 Cloth surrogate mother
 Contact comfort
First American psych lab
Started APA
President of APA
Educational psychology
42. Heider, Fritz
Social Behavior
Perception
43. Hilgard, Ernest
States of
Consciousness
Hypnosis
44. Hobson, John &
McCarley, Robert
States of
Consciousness
Dream Theories
Health, Stress &
Coping
Life Events and
stress
46. Horney, Karen
Personality
Psychodynamic
Theories
47. Hull, Clark L.
Conditioning &
Learning
Conditioning
48. Hubel , David &
Wiesel, Torsten
Sensation &
Perception
Visual Processing
49. James, William
Motivation &
Emotion
Emotion Theories
Conditioning &
Learning
Behaviorist
Theories
45. Holmes, Thomas &
Rahe, Richard
50. Jones, Mary Cover
51. Jung, Carl
52. Kagan, Jerome
Personality
Development
53. Kohlberg,
Lawrence
Development
54. Kohler, Wolfgang
Conditioning &
Learning
Psychodynamic
theories
Temperament
Moral Dilemmas
Gestalt
Psychology
People attribute the
behavior of others to their
own perceptions; and that
those perceptions could be
determined either by
specific situations or by
long-held beliefs
Asked hypnotized subjects
to plunge one hand in
painful ice bath; those told
to feel no pain said they
didn't; when asked if any
part hurt other hand wrote
yes
Several parts of brain
activated during REM sleep
triggering sensations, motor
commands, and memories
along with visuals
The first rating scale to
estimate health hazards
faced when stress builds
individuals struggle with
forbidden id drives that they
fear they can't control in a
hostile world; childhood
Deprivation causes needs,
needs cause drive, drives
activate behavior which is
survival
Inserted electrodes into
visual cortex of a cat,
discovered feature detectors
- specialized nerve cells in
the brain that respond to
stimuli, such as lines, edges,
angle, or movement.
Emotional feelings follow
bodily arousal; criticized by
Cannon-Bard
Unconditioned fear of
rabbits in a three year old
by conditioning; pleasant
stimulus with rabbit
-People either shy and
focused inward or outgoing
focused outward --mask
exists between ego and
outside world; unconscious
divided into personal,
collective, universal
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Self serving bias
Attribution Theory
Stable vs. Unstable
Global vs. Specific
Internal vs. Situational factors
 Dissociation
 Split awareness
 Hidden observer
 Activation-synthesis model
 Social readjustment rating
 Life change units
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Basic anxiety
Need for security
Security mechanisms
Womb envy
 Hull’s Drive Reduction model
 Need, desire = drive
 Feature detectors
 James-Lange theory
 Used classical conditioning
 First “ behavioral therapist”
 Basis of Wolpe’s work
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Analytic Theory
Introvert & extrovert
Persona
Personal unconscious
Collective unconscious
Archetype
Physical core of
personality: sensitivity,
irritability, distractibility ;
modified by learning
 Temperament
 Nurture
Learn moral values through
thinking/reasoning; posed
dilemmas to children of
different ages and asked
them what action should be
taken with their reasoning
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Observed chimpanzees and
their methods of problem
solving
 Insight learning
Moral development
Preconventional; level
Conventional level
Postconventional level
55. Kubler-Ross,
Elizabeth
Development
Death
56. Lewin, Kurt
Social
Psychology
Gestalt
Psychology
57. Locke, John
Introduction
History/Origins of
psychology
58. Loftus, Elizabeth
Memory
Fallibility of
Human Memory
59. Lorenz, Konrad
Development
Social
Development
60. Marcia, James
61. Maslow, Abraham
62. Masters & Johnson
63. McClelland, David
64. McCrae, Robert &
Costa, Paul
Development
Motivation &
Emotion
Personality
Gender &
Sexuality
Motivation &
Emotion
Personality
65. Mead, Margaret
Gender &
Sexuality
66. Mesmer, Franz
States of
Consciousness
Spent hours at bedside of
terminally ill to observe
five basic emotional
reactions to impending
death , currently stages are
recognized as appearing in
any order
Behavior determined by
persons situation; greatly
impacted theories on group
dynamics
Borrowed Aristotle’s idea
that we are a “blank slate”
(tabula rasa) at birth
Expert on human memory.
Conducted extensive
research on false memories
such as “remembering
being lost in the mall”
Mother- goose following
acquired during sensitive
period when baby goose
exposed to whatever is
around
Stages of Death & Dying
 denial/isolation
 anger
 bargaining
 depression
 Acceptance
 Interdependent of fate
 Task interdependence
 Blank slate argument
 Misinformation effect
 Fallibility of eye witness
testimony
 False memories
 Imprinting
 Ethologist
 Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
Adolescent
Psychosocial
development
Explored stage of identity
crisis which includes
exploration and
commitment to variety of
life domains
Types of Identity Achievement
 Identity Achievement
 Identity Moratorium
 Identity Foreclosure
 Alienated Identity
 Identity Diffusion
Humanistic
theories
-Some needs are more
basic/powerful than others;
higher needs expressed
after satisfy biological
needs --studied the lives of
great people and other
creative people to see how
to live rich, creative
satisfying life
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Sexual Responses
Studied sexual intercourse
and masturbation in 700
people; noticed phases
Sexual Response Cycle
 Excitement phase
 Plateau phase
 Orgasm
 Resolution
Predict the behavior of high
and low achievers;
compared occupations with
scores on achievement test
taken in college; scored
high more risk jobs
 Need for achievement
 Need for power
The Big 5 Personality
Theory
NEO Personality Inventory
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Anthropologist who
observed Tchambuli people
of New Guinea where
gender roles are completely
reversed from stereotypes
 Gender roles
Believed he could cure
disease with magnets but
actually relied on power of
suggestion
 Hypnosis
 “Animal Magnetism”
Need for
Achievement
Trait Theory
Gender Roles and
Culture
Hypnosis
Hierarchy of needs-5 levels
Basic/deficiency needs
Growth/meta needs
Self actualization
Peak experiences
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
67. Milgram, Stanley
Social Behavior
Obedience
68. Miller, George
Memory
Short Term
Memory
69. Mischel, Walter
Personality
Traits
70. Murray, Henry
Personality
Projective Tests
71. Olds, James &
Milner, Peter
Biological Basis
Brain Stimulation
72. Pavlov, Ivan
73. Penfield, Wilder
74. Piaget, Jean
Conditioning &
Learning
Biological Basis
Development
Classical
Conditioning
Brain Mapping
Cognitive
Development
75. Pinel, Philippe &
Dix, Dorthea
Disorders &
Therapy
Biomedical
Revolution
76. Rescorla, Robert
Conditioning &
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Learning experiment at
Yale; every time learner
gets something wrong the
teacher must shock them
and up the voltage; 65% of
people went up to full
voltage
Earliest quantification of
STM capacity, "magical
number seven", He noticed
memory span of young
adults was around seven
elements, called chunks
Traits interact with
situations to determine how
people act
Created the TAT.
Laid the groundwork for
McClelland’s research on
Need for Achievement
Brain stimulation reward
(BSR) – direct electrical or
chemical stimulation of
brain regions is rewarding
and can serve as an operant
reinforcer. The stimulation
activates the reward system
and establishes response
habits similar to those
established by natural
rewards such as food and
water[
Rang a bell then
immediately placed meat
powder on dogs tongue
causing reflex salivation,
soon dogs began to salivate
when they heard bell
 Obedience to authority
 Miller’s Magic number
 7 +/- 2
 Marshmallow Study
 “situationalism” - traitsituation interaction
 Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT)
 Electrical Brain Stimulation
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Contiguity model
Neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned response
stimulated the brain with
electrical probes, create
maps of the sensory and
motor cortices of the brain
 Brain Mapping
 Motor homunculus
 Sensory homunculus
-Children's cognitive skills
progress through series of
stages; observing own
children solve thought
problems =ideal way to
guide intellectual
development is to provide
experiences slightly new
and challenging; one step
strategy
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Pinel, 1790s - transformed
asylum practice in Paris,
believed in humane
treatment of patients
Dix- followed Pinel’s ideas
in the U.S. in the 1800s
 Humane treatment of patients
 Move mentally ill out of
prisons
 Patients are not criminals
Brain learns to expect the
unconditioned stimulus will
follow conditioned stimulus
 Contingency model
 Rescorla-Wagner Model
Assimilation
Accommodation
Egocentrism
sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operations stage
77. Rogers, Carl
78. Rorschach,
Hermann
79. Rosenhan, David
80. Rosenthal, Robert
& Jacobson, Lenore
81. Rotter, Julian
82. Schacter, Stanley
83. Seligman, Martin
Personality
Personality
Psychological
Disorders
Social
Psychology
Humanistic
Theories
Personality Tests
Psychiatric
Labeling
Attitude
Personality
Theories of
Personality
Motivation &
motion
Cognitive
Theories of
Emotion
Health, Stress, &
Coping
and
Learning
Learned
Helplessness,
Béarnaise Sauce
Theory
Fully functioning person
lives in harmony with
deepest feelings and
impulses; trust inner
urges/intuition
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10 standard inkblots,
people describe what they
see to identify personal
conflicts and fantasies
 Rorschach Inkblots Test
 Projective test
Committed themselves to
mental hospitals with
diagnosis schizophrenia
then dropped pretense of
illness but staff never
noticed
 Pseudo-patients
 Danger of “diagnostic labeling”
Administered fake tests to
public school students that
would predict the students
who would have rapid
growth though the names
given to the teachers were
randomly picked; teachers
subconsciously helped
them more and children
really did perform better
 Self-fulfilling prophecy
 Pygmalion effect
personality represents an
interaction of the individual
with his or her
environment; relatively
stable set of potentials for
responding to situations in
a particular way;
changeable
 Locus of control
(internal or external)
People watch slapstick
movie; 113 adrenaline, 1/3
placebo, 113 tranquilizer;
attributed feelings to movie
 Schacter's Two factor theory
 Schacter’s Cognitive theory
Studied marine POW who
adapted to stress because
captives said they would
release at a certain date;
after date passed he fell
into depression and died
Placed dogs in harnesses
where they couldn't escape
shocks, later put in “shuttle
box” with shocks on one
side; the dogs never
attempted to alleviate
shocks and go to other side
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Client Centered Therapy
Unconditional Positive Regard
Self image/ideal self
Incongruence
Encounter groups
Learned helplessness
Depression
Biological preparedness
Positive Psychology
Positive psychologists seek
"to make normal life more
fulfilling", not simply to treat
mental illness.
84. Selye, Hans
Health, Stress &
Coping
Stress
Series of bodily reactions
to prolonged stress; first
symptoms of any
disease/trauma identical;
body responds same to any
stress
 General Adaptation Syndrome
-alarm reaction
-stage of resistance
-stage of exhaustion
85. Skinner, B.F.
86. Spanos, Nicholas
87. Spearman, Charles
Conditioning &
Learning
States of
Consciousness
Statistics &
Intelligence
Conditioning
Hypnosis
-Factor Analysis &
Testing
88. Sperling, George
Memory
Cognitive
Psychologist
89. Sperry, Roger
Brain &
Behavior
Hemispheric
Specialization
90. Sternberg, Robert
Intelligence
Theory of
intelligence
91. Terman, Louis
Intelligence
Mentally Gifted
92. Thorndike, Edward
Conditioning &
Learning
Operant
Conditioning
93. Thurstone, L.L.
Intelligence &
Statistics
Testing & Factor
analysis
94. Titchener, Edward
Introduction
to Psychology
Old Schools of
Psychology
95. Tolman, Edward
Conditioning &
Learning
Cognitive
Learning
96. Vygotskty, Lev
Development
Sociocultural
Theory
Created apparatus to study
conditioning in animals -formal study of schedules
of reinforcement (when ran
out of food pellets for his
animals)
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Those hypnotized act
knowingly; hypnotic acts
are strongly tied to context;
not altered consciousness
 Dissociated states
 Cognitive
-pioneer of factor analysis
and Spearman's rank
correlation coefficient -disparate cognitive test
scores reflect only one
general factor
 G-factor
Matrix experiment - three
rows of three letters,
participants flashed letters
then asked to recall them
immediately afterwards,
rapid decay of information
in sensory register,
Right and left brain
hemispheres perform
differently on tests of
language, perception,
music, etc
Developed the “triarchic
theory of intelligence”
(analytic/academic,
practical & creative) also
the “triangular theory of
love” (intimacy, passion
and commitment)
Selected 1,500 children
with IQs of 140 or more
and followed them into
adulthood and corrected
misconceptions about
intelligence
Acts that are reinforced
tend to be repeated;
probability of response
altered by its effect
Developed new factor
analysis techniques with
observable variables; no
general factor but seven
independent factors
systematic exploration of
the introspective and
structuralist position;
revealed its limitations,
freeing the development of
psychology from
structuralist views
Rats in maze unrewarded
showed no sign of learning
maze but when given food
ran maze quickly
Children actively seek to
discover new principles
which are guided by skillful
tutors
Skinner box
Operant conditioning chamber
Operant behavior
+/- reinforcement
+/- punishment
Schedules of reinforcement
Primary/secondary reinforcers
 Sperling's Matrix
 Iconic memory
 Split-brain operation
 Triarchic theory of
intelligence
 Triangular theory of love
 IQ
 Law of effect
 Cat in the puzzle box
 Primary abilities
 Structuralism
 Experimental psychology
 Student of Wundt’s
 Latent learning
 Cognitive map
 Zone of proximal
development
 Scaffolding
97. Wasburn, Margaret
Floy
Introduction
History
98. Watson, John B. &
Raynor, Rosalie
Conditioning &
Learning
Conditioning
99. Wechsler, David
100. Wernicke, Carl
Intelligence
Testing
Biological Basis
Brain & Language
101. Wertheimer, Max
Research
Methods
Gestalt
Psychology
102. Wolpe, Joseph
Therapies
Self-Help
103. Whorf, Benjamin
Lee
Cognition,
Language, &
Creativity
Language
104. Wundt, Wilhelm
Research
Methods
History of
Psychology
105. Yerkes, Robert &
Dodson, john
Motivation &
Emotion
Stimulus Drives
Social
Psychology
Mere Exposure
Effect
Social Behavior
Roles
106. Zajonc, Robert
107. Zimbardo, Phillip
First woman to receive a
PhD in psychology,
(remember Mary Calkins
was denied her degree), she
was a student of
Titchener’s at Cornell Univ.
Experimented with infants
like little Albert by
simultaneously showing
them a white rabbit with a
loud noise to condition
them to fear the rabbit
Developed widely used
intelligence tests; replaced
mental IQs with dQs in
calculating IQ
German neurologist who
discovered the area in the
left temporal lobe
responsible for the
understanding of language.
Studied thinking, learning,
and perception in whole
units
Make a list of situations that
make person anxious and
use while performing
relaxation techniques to
overcome anxiety
Language influenced by
culture and reflects
individuals daily actions;
structure of language is
structure of culture
Set up FIRST psychology
laboratory (1879); studied
conscious experience;
observed and measured
various stimuli and looked
inward to his reaction of
stimulus (introspection)
Task relatively simple best
for arousal to be high when
task is complex best for
arousal to be low
Studied social and cognitive
processes. With Greg
Markus, developed the
Confluence Model (1977),
which provided a
mathematical model of the
effect of birth order and
family size on IQ scores
Male students paid to serve
as inmates or guards in a
simulated prison; inmates
grew defiant and guards
unmerciful; became true
 Women in history!!!
 Classical conditioning
 Baby Albert
 Wechsler Intelligence Scale
for Children (WISC)
 Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale (WAIS)
 Deviation IQ
 Wernicke’s area
 Receptive aphasia
or
 Wernicke’s aphasia
 Gestalt Psychology
 Desensitization Hierarchy
Theory also called…
 Linguistic Determinism
 Linguistic Relativity
 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
 Stimulus
 Introspection
 Structuralism
 Yerkes-Dodson law
 Performance as a function of
arousal level
 Social facilitation
 Mere exposure effect
 Confluence Model
 Power of the situation
 Roles
AP Psychology Exam
*** Top Concepts ***
This list is a starting point. If you want to be successful on the AP exam,
this is the minimum amount of information you MUST know, and even
then it’s only a starting point. Your score WILL reflect your effort.
Study your cards, notes, names and these terms.
Tips for HOW to use this list:
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1.
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24.
Print the on-line version, located on my website, from home
You use this list of terms and give the online version, with definitions, to a
“helper” (friend/parent/sibling)
THEN go through the terms one-by-one and provide your helper with the correct
definition
If you get the definition wrong, have your helper tell you so, then indicate (in
pencil) on your sheet that you do not know the answer BEYOND
RECOGNITION (having an idea isn’t good enough)
Go all the way through the list and continue this process over a period of days
until the paper no longer has any pencil marks
Aaron Beck's view of depression
absolute threshold
achievement vs. aptitude tests
action vs. resting potential
acuity-vision
Afferent Neurons vs. Efferent Neurons
agonist vs. antagonist chemicals
Ainsworth Strange Situation (Paradigm)
Albert Bandura: view on learning & Bobo Doll experiment
Albert Ellis - Rational Emotive Therapy (REBT)
Alfred Adler - inferiority complex
algorithm
all-or-nothing law (all-or-none) of neural firing
altruism
American Psychological Association (APA)
amnesia (anterograde & retrograde)
androgyny
apparent motion
arousal
Asch's conformity study (line segments)
attachment
attribution theory
aversive conditioning (good or bad?)
aversive conditions
25. Babinsky response
26. behavior as being adaptive
27. bell curve (normal distribution)
28. Benjamin Worf's theory of linguistic relativism/determinism
29. binocular disparity
30. blind spot
31. blood brain barrier
32. brain: what part do we share with animals?
33. brainstorming
34. Broca's area location & expressive aphasia
35. bystander intervention: influential factors
36. catharsis
37. Cannon's critique of James-Lange theory
38. Carl Rogers: person (client) centered therapy
39. Carol Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory
40. Central vs. peripheral route to persuasion
41. chaining
42. chunking
43. classical conditioning vs. operant conditioning
44. Clever Hans experiment
45. cognitive dissonance
46. color blindness: kinds
47. complementary colors
48. conflicts: four kinds
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
control group
Cooper's research on visual processing (using cats)
correlation coefficients
cortexes of the brain : major ones
cross cultural studies
cross sectional studies
crystallized intelligence: define & relate to age
CS-CR-UCS-UCR
Daniel Goleman's views on emotional intelligence
David McClelland's achievement motivation
defense mechanisms: major ones
deindividuation
deinstitutionalization
dendrites: function & relationship to NTs
depression & types of antidepressants
descriptive vs. inferential statistics
determinism
developmental psychology
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
( purpose and limits)
68. difference threshold (jnd)
69. discrimination:(in learning theory and race relations)
70. disorders: major categories and types
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
displacement
dissociative disorders
divergent vs. convergent thinking
dominant responses (aided by social facilitation)
door-in the face-phenomenon
Down's syndrome
dream analysis
drives
Ebbinghaus' research on memory
echoic memory
effects of marijuana
eidetic memory
electroconvulsive shock therapy
Elizabeth Loftus' research on eyewitness testimony
endocrine organs and hormones secreted by them
endorphins
engram
episodic memory
equity theory of relationships
Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
ethics of testing
ethnocentrism
expectancy theory (a.k.a mental set)
experiment: be able to design one
false consensus effect
feature (signal) detector cells: Hubel & Wisel's
research on visual processing
97. feature analysis
98. feral children
99. fetal alcohol syndrome: characteristics
100.
figure - ground - phenomenon
101.
Flynn effect
102. foot-in-the-door phenomenon
103. formal operations
104. fovea
105. Francis Galton's research
106. free association
107. frequency polygon
108. Freudian dream analysis: two types of content
109. Freud's stage of psychosexual development
110. frustration-aggression hypothesis
111. functional fixedness
112. fundamental attribution error
113. galvanic skin response (GRS)
114. ganglia
115. Gansfeld Procedure
116. Gate Control Theory of Pain
117. Generalizability of a study (use of inferential statistics)
118. genotype & phenotype
119. Gestalt theory
120. glial cells
121. group therapy (advantages of )
122. groupthink
123. gustatory sense: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
124. habituation
125. Hans Seyle's General Adaptation Response
126. Haptic memory
127. Harry Harlow's research with surrogate mothers
128. Hawthorne Effect
129. heuristics: major types
130. hierarchy of needs (Maslow) - put needs in order
131. high vs. low self-monitors
132. hindsight bias
133. histogram
134. homeostasis
135. Howard Gardner's view of multiple intelligence
136. hue: (British term for color)
137. hybrid
138. hypnosis: major theories of
139. hypothalamus: function & location
140. id, ego, superego
141. IDEAL (strategy for solving problems)
142. identical twin research
143. identification vs. internalization (Freudian terms)
144. illusory correlation
145. imaging techniques: PET, CAT, MRI, FMRI
146. imprinting
147. incentives
148. independent/dependent variables
149. induced motion
150. inductive vs. deductive reasoning
151. industrial (organizational) psychology
152. ingroup and outgroup bias
153. inner ear - vestibular sense
154. instinct, FAP & Konrad Lorenz
155. instrumental learning vs. operant conditioning
156. Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.)
157. intelligence tests (major kinds used)
158. interference (proactive vs. retroactive)
159. internal consistency reliability
160. internalization
161. intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
162. James-Lange theory of emotions
163. John Garcia's ideas on the limits of conditioning
164. just-world phenomenon
165. Karen Horney's views on development
166. kinesthetics
167. Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning
168. Kubler Ross' stages of dying
169. L-dopa
170. learning curve
171. limbic system: structures and function
172. linear perspective
173. lithium (bi-polar disorders)
174. localization of sound (How? & Why two ears?)
175. long term potentiation
176. longitudinal study
177. loss of information from short term memory
178. major neurotransmitters
179. Martin Seligman's "learned helplessness"
180. measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode
181. measures of variability: range and standard deviation
182. memory: kinds (sensory, short-term, long-term)
183. mental age
184. mental set
185. metacognition
186. method of loci
187. milieu therapy
188. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
189. misinformation effect
190. modeling
191. monocular vs. binocular depth cues
192. motion aftereffect
193. motion parallax
194. myelin sheath: where and purpose?
195. narcissism
196. nature vs. nurture controversy
197. nervous system: major parts
198. neuron: basic parts
199. neurotransmitters: major kinds
200. newborn baby reflexes
201. next-in-line-effect
202. normative social influence
203. norms
204. novelty preference
205. obesity (role of hypothalamus)
206. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD)
207. occipital lobe
208. Oedipal conflict
209. one eye problem - what you can’t do well with one eye
210. operationalizing a definition (operational definition)
211. opponent-process theory of emotions
212. opponent-process theory of vision (afterimages)
213. optic disc
214. optic nerve
215. Optimistic Explanatory Style
216. pancreas
217. panic attacks & best treatment
218. paradoxical sleep: why is REM called this?
219. paresis
220. perceptual constancy (size, color, shape)
221. perceptual set
222. personal space
223. perspectives in psychology (major ones)
224. phenylketonuria (PKU)
225. phi phenomenon
226. phonemes vs. morphemes
227. photoreceptors
228. Piaget's stages of cognitive development
229. pineal gland (function and role in sleep)
230. pitch
231. pituitary gland
232. plasticity
233. population (in regard to sampling)
234. positive and negative symptoms
235. positive reinforcement
236. post traumatic stress disorder
237. Premack principle
238. primacy effect
239. primary vs. secondary reinforcers
240. prisoner’s dilemma
241. projective tests: TAT & Rorschach
242. prosocial behavior: what is it and give an example
243. proximity (effects on relationships)
244. prototype
245. punishment & it’s effectiveness
246. random sample
247. representative sample
248. Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
249. reality principle (function of ego)
250. recessive vs. dominant genes
251. reflex arc
252. reliability vs. validity in testing
253. REM sleep
254. repression
255. reticular formation: relate to sleep, arousal, attention
256. retinal disparity (a.k.a. binocular disparity)
257. Robert Rescorla's findings on conditioning
258. rods and cones (structures & differences)
259. rooting reflex
260. sample
261. scatterplot/scattergrams & correlations
262. schedules of reinforcement: 5 types & effectiveness
263. schema
264. schizophrenia
265. script
266. selective attention
267. self-efficacy
268. self-fulfilling prophecy
269. self-serving bias
270. semantic memory
271. serial position effect
272. set point
273. sexual characteristics (primary vs. secondary)
274. sexual identity vs. gender identity
275. shaping
276. signal detection theory
277. sleep disorders: major kinds
278. sleeper effect
279. social cognitive theory
280. social exchange theory
281. social facilitation
282. social loafing
283. social trap
284. somatoform disorders: major kinds
285. somatosensory cortex: location & function
286. stages of learning (acquisition, extinction, spontaneous
recovery, etc.)
287. standard deviation
288. Stanley Milgram's experiement with obedience
289. Stanley Schachter's Two Factor Theory
290. stereotype
291. stimulus generalization
292. stranger anxiety
293. syllogism
294. systematic desensitization: a.k.a. counterconditioning
295. Tay-Sachs disease
296. testable hypothesis
297. thalamus: location & function (& what sense doesn't
get routed through here?)
298. Thorndike's Law of Effect
299. thyroid gland
300. tip-of-the-tongue effect/phenomenon
301. token economy
302. Tourette's syndrome
303. tragedy of the commons
304. transduction (location of for all senses)
305. Turner's syndrome (X with missing chromosome)
306. two kinds of deafness: Conductive and nerve
307. validity: predictive, criterion & content
308. vestibular sense
309. visual cliff
310. water balance (role of hypothalamus)
311. Weber's law
312. Wernicke's area: location & (receptive aphasia
313. Wilder Penfield's (mapping of the brain)
314. Wilhelm Wundt (structualism...Titchener too)
315. William James (functionalism)
316. Yerkes/Dodson Arousal Law
317. Zajonc's "Mere Expose Effect"
318. Zimbardo's prison experiment
Reality check…Be. HONEST….
1. Do you KNOW all of these names & terms?
 If not start over
 If you do great, but review them again to make sure
2. Have you STUDIED all of your notes?
 “looking” at them is not enough
 Reading them is not enough
 You have to use effortful processing, meaning you actually have
to WORK to commit them to long term memory
3. Have you reviewed your note cards?
 Do you still have to peek at the back of some for the definition?
 Once again, looking at them is not enough… Do you KNOW
them BEYOND recognition?
AP Psychology exam - Monday, May 2
(afternoon session)
Good Luck!!!!