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Transcript
Evolution Unit Evolution in 1 minute Examples of Evolution Write down 5 animals. Next to the animal, explain the environment that they live in. Explain how each of these animals may be adapted to the environment that they live in. We will study… • • • • History of Earth Darwin’s theory of evolution How scientific thought changed during his era Evidence of evolution Constructing a timeline of Earth’s History See TIMELINE OF EARTH ACTIVITY Movement of Earth’s Crust Sea level Sea level Sedimentary rocks form in horizontal layers. When part of Earth’s crust is compressed, a bend in a rock forms, tilting the rock layers. As the surface erodes due to water, wind, waves, or glaciers, the older rock surface is exposed. New sediment is then deposited above the exposed older rock surface. Evolution How did Homer Simpson evolve? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faRlFsYmkeY Guiness’ version of evolution http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1t4sdgvy-pk Cartoon Evolution of Man http://daily.swarthmore.edu/static/uploads/by_date/2009/02/19/evolution.jpg Monkey’s View of Evolution http://www.googlyfoogly.com/pictures/Monkey-Evolution.html Interest Grabber When Is a Flipper a Wing? All living things are related. Some relationships are easy to see—your pet cat may not roar like a lion, but it clearly resembles one.Other relationships are less obvious. Interest Grabber continued 1. On a sheet of paper, construct a table that has five columns and six rows. In the columns, write the following heads: Animal Group, Example, Legs, Fins, and Tail. Then, place the following animal groups in their own row: Mammal, Bird, Fish, Amphibian, Reptile, and Insect. 2. Give one example for each group, and then fill in the information for that example. For Legs, write in the number of legs that each animal has. Do animals with fins have legs? Do animals with wings have legs? If so, how many? 3. Can you tell from your table if a fish is more closely related to a bird or to an amphibian? Explain your answer. What is evolution? Evolution is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms How did the idea of evolution develop? Many scientists had their own ideas on how life on Earth developed. These scientists include, but are not limited to: CHARLES DARWIN, JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK, AND LYELL, THOMAS MALTHUS Lyell - 1833 Lyell stressed that scientists must explain past events in terms of processes that they can actually observe Lyell’s work: - explained how geological features are built up/torn down over long periods of time Lyell’s influence on Darwin Lyell’s understanding of Darwin influence Darwin to think: 1. If the Earth can change over time, life might change also 2. It would take many years for life to change in the way Lyell suggested Lamarck’s Ideas of Change Lamarck proposed the idea of USE and DISUSE of organs. By USING or NOT USING organs, an organism would acquire or lose them in their lifetime. These traits would then be passed on to their offspring. Over time, this led to change in a species. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Lamarck’s theory centered around: 1. Tendency toward perfection - all organisms have an innate tendency toward complexity /perfection organisms change and acquire features to help them survive 2. Use and disuse - organisms can alter the size/shape of an organ by their bodies use of it Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution 3. Inheritance of acquired traits - acquired characteristics can be inherited and passed along How would Lamarck the evolution of the crabs? Lamarck’s Theory with Giraffe’s Looking at the picture to the right, explain in your own words, Lamarck’s theory on giraffe’s and the length of their necks. Evaluating Lamarck’s Hypothesis Lamarck’s hypothesis is incorrect because: 1. He did not know how traits were inherited 2. He did not know that an animals behavior has no effect on inherited characteristics He did, however, help pave the way for other biologists… Thomas Malthus’ Idea of Population Change Malthus believed that is a population continually grows and is not “checked”, eventually there would not be enough resources for that species to survive Forces that work against growth are war, famine and disease Charles Darwin’s Idea on Change In 1831, Darwin traveled on the H.M.S. Beagle for a voyage around the world On his travels he made many observations and with the help of others, collected evidence to help propose a hypothesis on how species evolve. This hypothesis led to the theory of evolution, also known as natural selection. Darwin’s Travels Darwin’s Observations • He observed plants and animals and the environments they lived in. • He looked at the offspring that came from reproduction from species • He looked at and wondered why certain species survived and others did not Darwin’s Collections He collected fossils - preserved remains of ancient organisms He noticed some fossils resembled organisms that were living other fossils did not recognize anything ever seen The Galapagos Islands Darwin traveled to a group of islands off the coast of South America These islands had very different climates He noticed that characteristics of plants and animals on each island differed, although they looked similar He wondered if at one time, all these species were related and evolved from species from the mainland of South America What did Darwin Observe? Pinta Pinta Island Tower Marchena Intermediate shell Fernandina James Santa Cruz Isabela Santa Fe Hood Island Floreana Isabela Island Dome-shaped shell Hood Saddle-backed shell Tortoises Why do these tortoises look different? Write down your reasoning and explanations. What else did Darwin study? In your notes, write down your observations of each bird. In addition, next to each trait, explain why each bird may have that characteristic. On the Origin of Species After all his observations Darwin wrote a book to summarize his data and his hypothesis (1859) Darwin’s hypothesis In his book, Darwin: 1. Proposed the idea of Natural selection – a mechanism for evolution of species 2. Gave evidence to support his hypothesis Natural Variation and Artificial Selection Natural variation - members in a species vary from one another Darwin noted that breeders of plants and animals pick specific traits of an organism. for example: the largest pigs, the fastest horses, and cows that produce the most milk Darwin called this artificial selection Artificial selection Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms Evolution by natural selection Darwin believed evolution occurred by natural selection because: 1. animals struggle for existence 2. fit animals survive 3. organisms descend with modifications 1. Struggle for existence Darwin concluded that high birth rate and shortage of life’s basic needs causes organisms to struggle to exist. This causes organisms to compete for resources 2. Survival of the fittest Fitness – the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment result of adaptations – an inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival survival of the fittest = natural selection traits being selected contribute to an organism’s overall fitness in their environment Adaptations Over time… Natural selection results in changes in inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species’ fitness in their environment. 3. Descent with modification Natural selections causes organisms to have different structures, establish different niches and occupy different habitats Each living species has descended over time, with changes, from other species Called descent with modification Peppered Moths Before Industrial Revolution During Industrial Revolution Evidence of Evolution includes The fossil record Geographic distribution of living species Homologous body structures Similarities in early development which is composed of which indicates which implies which implies Physical remains of organisms Common ancestral species Similar genes Similar genes Evidence of evolution Evidence is included: - In the fossil record - In geographical distribution - Homologous structures - Similarities in embryology, early development The Fossil Record By comparing fossils from older rock layers with younger rock layers you can see the change of Earth over time. Human Evolution Pedigree Human Evolution Timeline Geographical distribution Similar, but unrelated species in different parts of the world Beaver Beaver NORTH AMERICA Muskrat Muskrat Beaver and Muskrat Coypu Capybara Capybara SOUTH AMERICA Coypu Coypu and Capybara Homologous structures Homologous structures - Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues NOTE: not all homologous structure serve important functions even though they resemble important structures in other organisms vestigial organs Homologous Structures Turtle Alligator Typical primitive fish Bird Mammals Similarities in embryology The early stage of many animals is very similar The same embryonic cells develop in the same order and in similar patterns to produce tissues and organs of all vertebrates Summary of Darwin’s Theory 1. Individual organisms in nature differ from one another. Some of this variation is inherited. 2. Organisms in nature produce more offspring than can survive, and many of those that survive do not reproduce. 3. Because more organisms are produced than can survive, members of each species must compete for limited resources. 4. Because each organism is unique, each has different advantages and disadvantages in the struggle for existence. 5. Individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. The characteristics that make them best suited to their environment are passed on to offspring. Individuals whose characteristics are not as well suited to their environment die or leave fewer offspring. 6. Species change over time. Over long periods, natural selection causes changes in the characteristics of a species, such as in size and form. New species arise, and other species disappear. 7. Species alive today have descended with modifications from species that lived in the past. 8. All organisms of earth are united into a single tree of life by common descent. Example of Evolution - Camouflage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJGtNigCu8&safe=active 1. What do you think is the purpose of the diagram above? 2. How do you think it is organized? Why is it organized in the way it is? Be as specific as you can Lamarck vs. Darwin 1. How would Lamarck explain the evolution of the characteristic described? You must list all the steps of his theory and use the correct terminology. 2. How would Darwin explain the same characteristics? You must include all the steps of Darwin’s theory and use the correct terminology. Other examples of evolution Vultures are bald Opossums Chickens roosting Sea Turtles Killdeer