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The Rise of Rome and the Roman Republic Beginnings O Romulus and Remus O Twin brothers O Raised by a wolf until full grown men O Built a city near the Tiber River O Fertile soil and location O Sibling Rivalry O How “Rome” became the name of the city Geography O Strategic Locations O Settled near fertile soil O Importance? O Near the sea O Importance? O Midpoint on the Mediterranean O Importance? Early Settlements O Latins O First settlers in Rome O Greeks O Colonized parts of the Roman coastline O Used mainly for trade O Etruscans O Influenced all of Roman civilization and specific aspects of those civilizations O Alphabet and architecture The Early Roman Republic O Rome started as a monarchy O Disbanded once the king became too tyrannical O Created a republic O The citizens have power with the right to vote O Voting Rights-Free citizen, male O Constant Power Struggles O Patricians-Wealthy landowners O Plebians-Commoners; about 90% of the population The Early Roman Republic O Tribunes O Representatives of the Plebians O Protected against unfair acts O Gave commoners a ‘voice’ O Twelve Tables O Written code of laws O Basis for all Roman law O “All FREE citizens had a right to protection under the law” Rise of the Army O Required to serve O Owned land O Male O No exceptions O Organization and development was key O Legions O Cavalry O Centuries Development of an Elite Force O Rome’s strength and greatness stemmed from its elite army O Legions O 5,000 heavily armed infantry men O Cavalry O Supported each legion on the flanks O Century O Divisions of a legion O 80-100men in each century O Called Centurions Power through Conquest O Rome wants to expand O All of Italy first needs to be on board O Conquered all Italian civilizations O Gained many allies O Supplied troops to the Roman army O Eventually spread throughout all of Italy O Allows for more expansion to neighboring areas Rise of the Roman Empire O Trade Routes and Commercial Network O Allowed for increasingly more advanced culture and expansion of land area throughout Rome and Roman Empire Punic Wars O Carthage O Powerful city located on North African coastline…Directly opposed Rome O Punic Wars O Three different Wars fought between Rome and Carthage O Hannibal O Carthaginian General and leader; defeated Rome in the Second Punic War Punic Wars O Rome beats Carthage O Launched an amphibious attack on Carthage O Finally defeated Hannibal at Zama (near Carthage) O Roman Empire now stretched from Anatolia (Turkey) to Spain Republic Collapses O Economic Disasters O More wealth=increasing gap between rich and poor O Societal Upheaval O Poor farmers and slaves made up half of Rome’s entire population O Military Disasters O Civil War broke out O Generals tried to seize power (new government is formed) Julius Caesar O Rise O Popular General O Created the 1st Triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey O Conqueror O Governor of Gaul (France) O Crossed the Rubicon River to take control of Rome Julius Caesar O Statesman O Took control of Rome O Named dictator for life in 44 B.C O Popular with ALL of Rome O Issued reforms to limit the wealth gap O Death O Stabbed by a group of senators that feared his power (Marcus Brutus) O Died on March 15th, 44 B.C (known as the Ides of March) Beginning of an Empire and New Government O Second Triumvirate is formed O Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus O Octavian forced the others to give up power O Re-names himself Augustus and becomes emperor O Pax Romana O “Roman Peace” or time of peace and prosperity in Rome (lasted 207 years) Rise of Christianity O Monotheistic O Jesus O Jew that was born in Bethlehem, Judea O Raised in Nazareth, Palestine O Historical records do not have much info on Jesus O Teaches the Gospels O First four books of the New Testament O “Christ” was added after death O Christos-‘savior’ or ‘messiah’ in Greek Christianity O New religion formed based on Jesus’ messages O Spread steadily throughout the Roman Empire O Still faced opposition O Persecuted by many Roman leaders O Did not worship the Roman gods O Pax Romana began to dissipate and persecution continued Christianity O Emperor Constantine O Fought for control of Rome O Had a ‘vision’ of a cross O Defeated his enemies O Constantine ends the persecution O Edict of Milan-official World Religion O Becomes Rome’s official religion O Enacted by Emperor Theodosius Decline of Rome O Pax Romana ends with Marcus Aurelius O Economic weakness O Trade is disrupted O Inflation O Agriculture weakens O Wars tear apart the countryside O Infertile soil Decline of Rome O Military problems O Less disciplined O Focused on their commanders, not Rome itself O Mercenaries become popular O Political Turmoil O Average citizens lose loyalty too O Lost their ‘patriotism’ The Calm Before the Storm O Brief period of reform after the decline of Pax Romana O Diocletian O Restored order O Fixed inflation O Increased the army size O Claimed divine authority O Divided the Roman Empire O East and West Eastern Roman Empire O Constantine takes over O Becomes Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire O Moves the capital from Rome to Byzantium O Eventually renamed Constantinople O Eastern Roman Empire becomes the Byzantine Empire O Thrives and flourishes while Western Roman Empire collapses Western Roman Empire O Collapse is imminent because of the split O Germanic Invasions O Invaded Roman lands to escape the Huns O Destroyed Rome and plundered it for three days O Atilla the Hun O Attacked both empires (failed in the East) O Contributed to Rome and the Roman Empires’ downfall Byzantine Empire O Justinian takes over O Unified Rome and Constantinople O Justinian Code O The Code-useful Roman Laws O The Digest-Opinions of the Laws O The Institutes-How to use the Laws O The Novellae (new laws)-New Byzantine Laws O Dealt with marriage, slavery, women’s rights, and criminal justice (lasted 900 years) Byzantine Empire O Constant struggle to maintain the Empire O Plague O Attacks from the Turks and Russians O Division of the Church (Great Schism) O Two different belief systems within Christianity O Eastern and Western views O Became Roman Catholic Church (west) and Orthodox Church (east)