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Download Organic compounds are covalent compounds composed of carbon
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Chapter 14 Section 4 Organic Compounds State Performance Indicator SPI 0807.9.4 – Differentiate between a mixture and a compound Organic compounds are covalent compounds composed of carbonbased molecules. More than 90% of all compounds belong to this group. All organic compounds contain carbon. Each carbon atom has four valence electrons so each carbon atom can make four bonds with four other atoms. Organic compounds may also contain hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Carbon atoms bond together to form a structure called a backbone. It makes the molecule very strong. There are three types of structures for organic compounds. 1. 2. 3. Many organic compounds contain several kinds of atoms, but some contain only two. Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. Organic compounds made by living things are called biochemicals. Biochemicals are divided into four categories: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are biochemicals composed of one or more simple sugar molecules bonded together. Carbohydrates are used as a source of energy. Lipids are biochemicals that do not dissolve in water. Fats, oils, and waxes are kinds of lipids. Lipids are also used to store some vitamins. Lipids store excess energy in the body. When an organism has used up most of its carbohydrates, it can obtain energy by breaking down lipids. Proteins are biochemicals composed of “building blocks” called amino acids. Amino acids are small molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms, and sometimes sulfur atoms. Most of the biochemicals found in living things are proteins. Proteins function in the body to regulate chemical activities, transport and store materials, build and repair body structures, and regulate processes. Nucleic Acids The largest molecules made by living organisms are nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are bio-chemicals made up of nucleotides. Nucleotides are molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms. There are only five kinds of nucleotides, but nucleic acids may have millions of nucleotides bonded together. Nucleic acids have several functions. One function is to store genetic information. They also help build proteins and other nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are sometimes called the blueprints of life, because they contain all the information needed for a cell to make all its proteins.