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Goal 6: Cell Theory 1. A cell is _the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms___. 2. Cells are too _small__ to be seen with the naked eye. What important “tool” or instrument needed to be discovered/invented before we could learn what we know about cells so far? microscope 3. Summarize the three statements of the Cell Theory. a. All living things _are composed of one or more cells______________. b. All cells come from _other living cells________________. c. Cells are the basic _unit of structure and function in all living things_____. 4. Each of the following scientists is important to the Cell Theory. Describe their contributions to our current knowledge of cells. a. Robert Hooke (“hook”) discovered the cell; coined the term “cell” b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (“lee-wen-hook” or –hoke”) first to use a microscope to observe living cells c. Matthias Schleiden (“ma-tay-us shlī-den”) composed of cells d. Theodor Schwann (“tay-o-dor shwan”) composed of cells e. Rudolph Virchow (“veer-kov”) existing cells concluded that all plants were concluded that all animals were concluded that all cells come from pre- 5. Compare and contrast unicellular and multicellular organisms. Include examples in your answer. Both are made of cells or are cells and carry all the processes of life. Organisms that are composed of more than one cell are multicellular organisms. The cells that make up an multicellular organism are often specialized to perform specific function to keep the organism alive. Examples of unicellular organisms include all macroscopic plants and animals (cats, people, trees, pumpkins, etc.) An organism that is composed of a single cell is unicellular. The life functions of a unicellular organism are carrying out by specialized structures called organelles. Examples of unicellular organisms are paramecia and amoebae. 6. The cells of different organisms vary greatly in ___number___, __size___, ___shape___, and __function___. 7. What two things (structures) do all cells, regardless of type, have in common? they all have a cell membrane and cytoplasm 8. The structures that are inside of cells that carry out the life processes are ___organelles___. 9. Complete the chart designed to provide an overview of cell organelles and their functions. Cell Part Cell wall Function provides protection and rigidity; monitors the passages of substances into and out of the cell; found only in plants Cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell; directs cellular transport; gives the cell its shape and integrity; provides a barrier between the cell internal and external enrironment Nucleus serves as the control center of the cell by controlling and directing most cell activities; DNA and RNA are contained in nucleus Cytoplasm fluid made mostly of water that fills most of the space with the cell; organelles are suspended in cytoplasm Mitochondrion responsible for changing energy from nutrients into a form that the cell can utilize; glucose is broken down in mitochondria and the energy is stored in the form of ATP Endoplasmic Reticulum forms an extensive network that acts like a highway along which molecules can move from one part of the cell to another Diagram Ribosome synthesizes proteins Golgi Body modifies and packages proteins for specific uses in the cell Chloroplast site of photosynthesis in plant cells; uses sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to manufacture glucose Vacuole storage structures Lysosome contains enzymes that break down nutrients, old organelles, and waste products Flagellum whip-like structure used for locomotion Cilia hair-like structures used for locomotion or the more substances across the surface of the cell 10. Use a Double-Bubble thinking map to show the similarities and differences in plant and animal cells. Similarities – basically the same size, cell membrane, cytoplasm contains same basic organelles Differences – plant has cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, carries out photosynthesis; animal cell has centrioles obviously there are more, this is just a sample of the things students may include 11. Mature human red blood cells have no nucleus or mitochondria. How does the lack of these organelles affect these cells? Human RBCs have nuclei in the beginning of their life but get ride of them as they mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin. They also lose their other organelles such as their mitochondria. As a result, the cells use none of the oxygen they transport; instead they produce ATP by other means (fermentation for your information, but students don’t necessarily need to know this). Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and can’t make protein; therefore, they cannot divide or repair themselves. 12. There is one really huge difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Eukaryotes __have__ nuclei and prokaryotes __don’t have___ nuclei. 13. Match each diagram to the correct name and describe the identifying characteristics of these protists. A B C D Structure Picture Match Amoeba C Euglena D Paramecium A Volvox B Food Getting Mechanism feeds on other organisms by engulfing them with pseudopods feeds on other organisms; can make nutrients via photosynthesis feeds on other organsism; cilia sweeps nutrients into oral groove makes food by photosynthesis Locomotion pseudopods flagellum cilia flagella Specialized Features extensions of cytoplasm called pseudopods have a light sensitive structure called an eyespot have a contractile vacuole that pumps water out of cell to prevent bursting; oral groove live in a colony that can contain from 500 to 60,000 organisms 14. Your body grows because of two major processes: __cell growth___ and __cell division__. 15. Cell growth is limited by the ratio of its surface area to its volume. Explain how this limits the size of cells in your body. The size of a cell is limited by it surface area to volume ratio. As the cell grows, the volume increases much more quickly than the surface are and the ratio between the two decreases. Eventually the surface area of the cell cannot accommodate the rapidly increasing cell volume. The cell eventually becomes too big to efficiently transport substances into, across, and out of the cell. 16. What is reproduction? Reproduction is the ability of cells or organisms to make more organisms like themselves. 17. Why do cells (organisms) need energy? Where does this energy come from? Cells and organisms need energy to carry out the majority of cellular processes. This energy comes from the food and nutrients taken in and is processes in the cytoplasm and/or the mitochondria. Excess energy is stored in various structures by various processes depending on the organism in quesiton. 18. Complete the chart to clarify the many processes that take place within the cell. WHAT? (Process) Cell Cycle (Interphase and Mitosis) WHY? (Purpose) make relatively exact copies of all body cells except sex cells HOW? (Description) a continuous process in which cells grow, make copies of their chromosomes, and divide for form daughter cells; consists of three basic phases: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase – cell grows, replicates DNA, and makes proteins Mitosis – division of nucleus Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm WHERE? (Location) all body cells Meiosis produces sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes as body cells often called “reduction division” because during the first part cell reduce the chromosome number to half the normal amount; the second half of meiosis is simple cell division sex cells only Cellular Respiration changes the energy in the nutrients consumed to a usable form of energy called ATP ATP is made via a process called cellular respiration; glucose is broken down; the first half, glycolysis, occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell; the second half takes place in the mitochondria cytoplasm and mitochondria Photosynthesis provides a way for plants to use water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to make their own food (glucose) glucose is made in the chloroplast by the process of photosynthesis chloroplast Diffusion moves substances without using energy movement of particles from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration; no energy required any area of high concentration to one of low concentration Osmosis moves water across a membrane movement of water across a semipermeable membrane; a diffusion process so no energy is required across a membrane Homeostasis maintains the processes of life at optimal levels avoiding extremes on either end maintenance of a stable internal environment; involves nutrients, body temperature, water balance, etc.; many cellular processes operate to maintain homeostasis various places within the body/within cells