Download Goal 6: Cell Theory Review Guide

Goal 6: Cell Theory
1. A cell is _the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms___.
2. Cells are too _small__ to be seen with the naked eye. What important “tool” or
instrument needed to be discovered/invented before we could learn what we know about
cells so far? microscope
3. Summarize the three statements of the Cell Theory.
a. All living things _are composed of one or more cells______________.
b. All cells come from _other living cells________________.
c. Cells are the basic _unit of structure and function in all living things_____.
4. Each of the following scientists is important to the Cell Theory. Describe their
contributions to our current knowledge of cells.
a. Robert Hooke (“hook”)
discovered the cell; coined the term “cell”
b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (“lee-wen-hook” or –hoke”) first to use a
microscope to observe living cells
c. Matthias Schleiden (“ma-tay-us shlī-den”)
composed of cells
d. Theodor Schwann (“tay-o-dor shwan”)
composed of cells
e. Rudolph Virchow (“veer-kov”)
existing cells
concluded that all plants were
concluded that all animals were
concluded that all cells come from pre-
5. Compare and contrast unicellular and multicellular organisms. Include examples in
your answer.
Both are made of cells or are cells and carry all the processes of life. Organisms that are
composed of more than one cell are multicellular organisms. The cells that make up an
multicellular organism are often specialized to perform specific function to keep the
organism alive. Examples of unicellular organisms include all macroscopic plants and
animals (cats, people, trees, pumpkins, etc.) An organism that is composed of a single
cell is unicellular. The life functions of a unicellular organism are carrying out by
specialized structures called organelles. Examples of unicellular organisms are paramecia
and amoebae.
6. The cells of different organisms vary greatly in ___number___, __size___,
___shape___, and __function___.
7. What two things (structures) do all cells, regardless of type, have in common?
they all have a cell membrane and cytoplasm
8. The structures that are inside of cells that carry out the life processes are
___organelles___.
9. Complete the chart designed to provide an overview of cell organelles and their
functions.
Cell Part
Cell wall
Function
provides protection and rigidity; monitors the
passages of substances into and out of the cell;
found only in plants
Cell membrane
controls what enters and leaves the cell; directs
cellular transport; gives the cell its shape and
integrity; provides a barrier between the cell
internal and external enrironment
Nucleus
serves as the control center of the cell by
controlling and directing most cell activities;
DNA and RNA are contained in nucleus
Cytoplasm
fluid made mostly of water that fills most of
the space with the cell; organelles are
suspended in cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
responsible for changing energy from nutrients
into a form that the cell can utilize; glucose is
broken down in mitochondria and the energy
is stored in the form of ATP
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
forms an extensive network that acts like a
highway along which molecules can move
from one part of the cell to another
Diagram
Ribosome
synthesizes proteins
Golgi Body
modifies and packages proteins for specific
uses in the cell
Chloroplast
site of photosynthesis in plant cells; uses
sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to
manufacture glucose
Vacuole
storage structures
Lysosome
contains enzymes that break down nutrients,
old organelles, and waste products
Flagellum
whip-like structure used for locomotion
Cilia
hair-like structures used for locomotion or the
more substances across the surface of the cell
10. Use a Double-Bubble thinking map to show the similarities and differences in plant
and animal cells.
Similarities – basically the same size, cell membrane, cytoplasm contains same basic
organelles
Differences – plant has cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, carries out
photosynthesis; animal cell has centrioles
obviously there are more, this is just a sample of the things students may include
11. Mature human red blood cells have no nucleus or mitochondria. How does the lack
of these organelles affect these cells?
Human RBCs have nuclei in the beginning of their life but get ride of them as they
mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin. They also lose their other
organelles such as their mitochondria. As a result, the cells use none of the oxygen they
transport; instead they produce ATP by other means (fermentation for your information,
but students don’t necessarily need to know this). Because of the lack of nuclei and
organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and can’t make protein; therefore,
they cannot divide or repair themselves.
12. There is one really huge difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes __have__ nuclei and prokaryotes __don’t have___ nuclei.
13. Match each diagram to the correct name and describe the identifying characteristics
of these protists.
A
B
C
D
Structure
Picture Match
Amoeba
C
Euglena
D
Paramecium
A
Volvox
B
Food Getting
Mechanism
feeds on other
organisms by
engulfing them
with pseudopods
feeds on other
organisms; can
make nutrients via
photosynthesis
feeds on other
organsism; cilia
sweeps nutrients
into oral groove
makes food by
photosynthesis
Locomotion
pseudopods
flagellum
cilia
flagella
Specialized
Features
extensions of
cytoplasm called
pseudopods
have a light
sensitive structure
called an eyespot
have a contractile
vacuole that
pumps water out of
cell to prevent
bursting; oral
groove
live in a colony
that can contain
from 500 to 60,000
organisms
14. Your body grows because of two major processes: __cell growth___ and __cell
division__.
15. Cell growth is limited by the ratio of its surface area to its volume. Explain how
this limits the size of cells in your body.
The size of a cell is limited by it surface area to volume ratio. As the cell grows, the
volume increases much more quickly than the surface are and the ratio between the two
decreases. Eventually the surface area of the cell cannot accommodate the rapidly
increasing cell volume. The cell eventually becomes too big to efficiently transport
substances into, across, and out of the cell.
16. What is reproduction?
Reproduction is the ability of cells or organisms to make more organisms like
themselves.
17. Why do cells (organisms) need energy? Where does this energy come from?
Cells and organisms need energy to carry out the majority of cellular processes. This
energy comes from the food and nutrients taken in and is processes in the cytoplasm
and/or the mitochondria. Excess energy is stored in various structures by various
processes depending on the organism in quesiton.
18. Complete the chart to clarify the many processes that take place within the cell.
WHAT? (Process)
Cell Cycle
(Interphase and
Mitosis)
WHY? (Purpose)
make relatively exact
copies of all body
cells except sex cells
HOW? (Description)
a continuous process in which cells
grow, make copies of their
chromosomes, and divide for form
daughter cells; consists of three basic
phases: interphase, mitosis, and
cytokinesis.
Interphase – cell grows, replicates
DNA, and makes proteins
Mitosis – division of nucleus
Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm
WHERE? (Location)
all body cells
Meiosis
produces sex cells
that have half the
number of
chromosomes as
body cells
often called “reduction division”
because during the first part cell reduce
the chromosome number to half the
normal amount; the second half of
meiosis is simple cell division
sex cells only
Cellular
Respiration
changes the energy in
the nutrients
consumed to a usable
form of energy called
ATP
ATP is made via a process called
cellular respiration; glucose is broken
down; the first half, glycolysis, occurs
in the cytoplasm of the cell; the second
half takes place in the mitochondria
cytoplasm and
mitochondria
Photosynthesis
provides a way for
plants to use water,
carbon dioxide and
sunlight to make their
own food (glucose)
glucose is made in the chloroplast by
the process of photosynthesis
chloroplast
Diffusion
moves substances
without using energy
movement of particles from an area of
high concentration to one of low
concentration; no energy required
any area of high
concentration to one of
low concentration
Osmosis
moves water across a
membrane
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane; a diffusion
process so no energy is required
across a membrane
Homeostasis
maintains the
processes of life at
optimal levels
avoiding extremes on
either end
maintenance of a stable internal
environment; involves nutrients, body
temperature, water balance, etc.; many
cellular processes operate to maintain
homeostasis
various places within
the body/within cells