Download Chapter 13: Social Psychology

Chapter 13: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
Thoughts about Social Psychology
“If you make it plain you like people, it’s hard for them to resist liking you back.”
– Lois McMaster Bujold
“I am free of all prejudice. I hate everyone equally.”
– W.C. Fields
“Keep your fears to yourself, but share your courage with others.”
– Robert Louis Stevenson
Social Cognition
How we attend to, store, remember, and use information about other people and the social world
Attitudes and Behavior
• Attitude
• Predicting behavior
• Behavior affects attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance
Persuasion
• Elaboration likelihood model
– Central route
– Peripheral route
• Obstacles to persuasion
– Strong attitude
– Reactance
– Forewarning
– Selective avoidance
Social Cognition and the Brain
• Social cognitive neuroscience
– Brain damage
– Neuroimaging studies
Stereotypes
• Ingroup
• Outgroup
• Illusory correlation
• Illusion of outgroup homogeneity
– Ingroup differentiation
• Discrimination
Understanding Prejudice
•
•
•
•
Realistic conflict theory
– Competition for scarce resources
Social categorization theory
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Social learning theory
Combating Prejudice
• Contact hypothesis
• Recategorization
• “Jigsaw classroom”
Attribution
An explanation for the cause of an event or behavior
Attributions: Causes
• Internal attributions
– Dispositional attributions
• External attributions
– Situational attributions
Attributional Biases
• Fundamental attribution error
• Self-serving bias
• Belief in a just world
– Blaming the victim
Relationships: Liking
• Repeated contact
• Similarity
• Physical attraction
– “Average” faces
– Symmetry
– Feminized faces
Relationships: Loving
• Passionate love
• Compassionate love
• Sternberg’s triangular model of love
– Passion
– Intimacy
– Commitment
• Attachment style
Relationships: Mating Preferences
• Evolutionary theory
• Social exchange theory
Social Organizations
• Deindividuation
• Norms
– Perceived norms
• Roles
• Status hierarchy
Yielding to Others
• Conformity
– Informational social influence
– Normative social influence
Conformity: Asch’s Studies Compliance
• Six principles
– Friendship/liking
– Commitment/consistency
– Scarcity
– Reciprocity
– Social validation
– Authority
Compliance
• Foot-in-the-door technique
• Lowball technique
• Door-in-the-face technique
The Milgram Studies
• 15 volts to 450 volts (“XXX”)
• At 120 volts learner shouts in pain
• At 150 volts learner asks to stop
• At 300 volts learner pounds on wall
• At 330 volts learner stops responding
• Question: how far will teachers go?
The Milgram Studies
• Psychiatrists predicted
– 2% would go to maximum level
•
•
•
Actual results
– 65% of teachers went to the maximum level
Other factors
– Lab coat
– Proximity
Ethical issues
Decision Making in Groups
• Majority-win rule
• Truth-win rule
• Group polarization
• Groupthink
Performance in Groups
• Social loafing
• Social facilitation
Helping Others
• Altruism
• Prosocial behavior
• Bystander intervention
– Bystander effect
– Evaluation apprehension
– Diffusion of responsibility