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Biology Chapter 7 Notes 1. What are sex chromosomes? Chromosomes that determine an organism’s sex (X and Y) 2. What are autosomes? Any chromosomes that do not directly affect an organism’s sex 3. How is a carrier different from a person who has a genetic disorder? A carrier does not show symptoms of a disorder but can pass the disorder to offspring 4. What are sex-linked genes? Genes that are located on the sex chromosomes 5. In humans, how does a gamete from a male determine the sex of offspring? A female can only pass on X chromosomes, but a male can pass on either X or Y chromosomes 6. What is incomplete dominance? Give an example of phenotype. Neither allele is completely dominant and one allele is not hidden in a heterozygous individual. The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the homozygous phenotypes. Ex. Red + White = Pink 7. What is codominance? Give an example of phenotype. Both alleles are completely expressed (visible) and the heterozygous phenotype contains the separate products of both alleles. Ex. Heterozygous will show both red and white areas (Roan cattle) 8. What are polygenic traits? Give an example. Traits produced by 2 or more genes. Ex. eye color (at least 3 genes affect eye color – maybe more) 9. What factor other than genotype can affect an organism’s phenotype? Give examples. The environment may affect gene expression. Ex. sex determination in sea turtles depends on both genes and the temperature at which the eggs mature 10. Who can be carriers of autosomal disorders? Anyone with a recessive disorder-causing allele can pass on the disorder 11. Why can females, but not males be carriers of sex-linked genetic disorders? Males can’t have a normal, dominant allele that would mask the effect of a recessive, disorder-causing allele 12. What is a pedigree? A chart that traces phenotypes and genotypes in a family 13. How are phenotypes used in pedigree analysis? Phenotypes are used to infer (guess) genotypes 14. What is a karyotype and what types of information can it provide? A picture of all of the chromosomes in a cell. It can show any large-scale changes in chromosomes. (extra chromosomes, missing parts of chromosomes)