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English III AP/IB: Class Opener Packet Sentence Structures—Simple Sentences At the beginning of every class, look at the board, then immediately begin working on the specified class opener assignment. I will take up this packet for a grade. 1. Simple sentence A sentence with a single independent clause (may have long phrases within it). Though it can contain a compound subject or a compound verb, it cannot have more than one independent clause. Rhetorical effects: A string of short, simple sentences show observations without creating order. When used after a string of longer sentences, they also highlight certain important things against a background of other things. Examples: o “Many other advantages might be enumerated.” Swift, “A Modest Proposal” Here, the speaker includes this short sentence in the midst of much longer ones illustrating the advantages of using Irish children for food. The simple sentence highlights the irony. Assignment: Write three simple sentences in a row about this classroom. Words of the day – Vulgar & Discourse 2. Appositive phrase A phrase (no subject or verb) that renames a noun, located either at the opening of a sentence before noun, or directly after noun. Punctuation Rules: always separated from the sentence with a comma or commas. Examples: --Monty Python and the Holy Grail, a farce ridiculing all stereotypes of medieval culture, provides the audience many moments of laughter. --A lying extortionist, the Summoner might be considered the most corrupt character in The Canterbury Tales. Assignment: Imitate one of these two examples below. WoD – Pedantic & Colloquial Trebert 1 3. Rhetorical Thesis (see board) WoD – Hamper & Noxious 4. Repeat-word modifier (this is not a literary term—Degen made it up) End the original sentence with a comma, repeat a key word, and then continue elaboration. Example: As the Houston Rockets’ Yao Ming looks around at his fellow All-Stars this weekend in Atlanta, he will see players with championship rings, players averaging double figures in both points and rebounds, players with hip sneaker commercials, players with mad hops, mad tops, and tattoos. Jack MCCallum “Sky Rocket” Sports Illustrated Assignment: Imitate the sentence above in the space below. WoD – Pompous & Linguistic 5. Analysis modifier (Not a literary term; Degen made it up) End the original sentence with a comma, choose a noun that emphasizes details you have just cited, and then continue the analysis. Examples: “The storm of sound beat at them, an incantation of hatred.” Golding, Lord of the Flies The narrator emphasizes the power of the boys’ yelling in this scene, right before Piggy dies, with a simple sentence and an appositive phrase. “Bob Cratchitt’s office fire is smaller than Scrooge’s, an ironic detail considering Bob’s heart is warmer than his employer’s.” Assignment: Imitate one of the two examples above. WoD – Strident & Conciliatory Trebert 2 6. Creative Writing: Finish this dialogue: “Don’t you wish all these lazy immigrants would either learn to speak English or get the hell out?” he asked, his voice angry. “Actually, I’m an immigrant,” I said, catching him off guard. WoD – Nuance & Nullify 7. Present participial phrase Modifies a noun or pronoun, contains a present participle (ing verb) and any complements or modifiers, located directly before or after word it modifies. Punctuation rules: Follows noun it modifies, use commas at start and end of the phrase. Examples: “Scrooge ends the conversation abruptly, indicating that since his nephew has expressed no financial motives, there exists no other reason to hold a conversation with him. The chief led then, trotting steadily, exulting in his achievement. Assignment: Imitate one of the two examples above. WoD – Capricious & Concise 8. Past participial phrase Modifies a noun or pronoun, contains a present participle (ed verb) and any complements or modifiers, located directly before or after word it modifies. Punctuation rules: Follows noun it modifies, use commas at start and end of the phrase. Example: Strauss’s ideas about ideas took the usual path, picked and poked and punched, mutating here, understood selectively there. Assignment: Imitate the example above. WoD – Eloquent & Lyrical Trebert 3 9. Rhetorical Thesis (see board) WoD – Replete & Reprehensible 10. Absolute phrase Contains a noun followed by a present or past participial (sometimes omitted in the case of implied being) and located at the opening or closing of the sentence. Punctuation rules: separate it from the sentence with a comma. Examples: Beowulf defeats Grendel with his bare hands, his strength invincible. (implied being) A young Mexican woman, softened and dispirited by recent childbirth, dressed in the elegant, perpetual mourning of her caste, came up slowly, leaning on the arm of the Indian nurse who carried her baby, his long embroidered robe streaming over her arm almost to the ground. --Katharine Ann Porter Ship of Fools Assignment: Imitate one of the examples above. WoD – Inexorably & Insidious 11. Gerund phrase Acts as a noun—as subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, object of preposition, or appositive. Punctuation rules: No comma unless it is a nonessential appositive. Examples: Irving Kristol, an early Straussian, advised Reagan and Rumsfeld and their staffs of the need to stop coddling hungry children, educating the poor, and helping the aged, the infirm, victims of prejudice (direct object). The teacher offered replacing the test grade with another project (direct object). Assignment: Imitate one of the examples above. WoD – Motif & Satirical Trebert 4 12. Creative Writing (see board) WoD – Blatant & Plausible 13. Review phrases with simple sentences Assignment: Imitate and identify the phrases in the sentence below: Since Straussians revel in the difficulty of the master’s work, they attract very bright students, many of whom will remain in the academy, producing other Straussian scholars, writers, activities, and members of government at every level, a cadre that will soon begin to think of itself as a class, that class for which Plato could find no better name than gold. WoD – Feigned & Ambivalent 14. Review phrases with simple sentences Assignment: Imitate and identify the phrases in the sentence below: I remember the auction, remember the sagging face of the widow whose home was being sold, remember my father telling her he would prize that walnut, remember its brown skin, wrinkled like her tragic face. WoD – Effusive & Exquisite Trebert 5