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Transcript
Rust – AP Psych TERMS TO KNOW FOR AP PSYCHOLOGY EXAM NOTECARD EC For up to 5 EC points maximum, you can create up to 200 notecards for the terms below. Each set of 40 notecards = 1 point. This extra credit opportunity is not just about getting a few points to raise the grade – this is to help study for the final AND/OR the AP exam in the spring. My hope is that you will find these useful for studying!!!! History & Perspectives Introspection Empiricism Wilhelm Wundt Edward Titchener Structuralism Functionalism Experimental psychologists Psychoanalytic theory Behaviorism B.F. Skinner John Watson Gestalt psychology Humanistic psychology Cognitive neuroscience Levels of analysis Biopsychosocial approach Evolutionary perspective/approach Biological perspective/approach Psychodynamic perspective/approach Behavioral perspective/approach Cognitive perspective/approach Humanistic perspective/approach Sociocultural perspective/approach Psychology’s Subfields Psychometrics Basic research v. applied research Human factors psychology Industrial-Organizational psychology School psychology Educational psychology Developmental psychology Personality psychology Research Methods & Statistics Hindsight bias Overconfidence Operational definition Replicate Extraneous variable Descriptive research method Case Study Survey Wording effects Population Sample Random sampling Naturalistic Observation Volunteer bias Experimenter (observer) bias Social desirability bias Correlation Correlation coefficient Positive correlation Negative correlation Illusory correlation Random assignment Experimental group Control group Independent variable Dependent variable Placebo effect Blind study Double-blind study Longitudinal study Cross-sectional study Descriptive v. Inferential statistics Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) Positively and negatively skewed distributions Range Standard deviation Normal curve Statistical significance Ethical research (components of) Neuron & Neural Communication Dendrites Cell body (soma) Axon Myelin Terminal buttons Sensory (afferent) neurons Motor (efferent) neurons Interneurons Blood-brain barrier Action Potential Resting Potential Depolarization Repolarization Refractory Period Excitatory signals Inhibitory signals Threshold All-or-None Principle Selective permeability Saltatory conduction Synapse Synaptic vesicles Neurotransmitters Reuptake Receptor sites Agonist Antagonist Excitatory neurotransmitters Inhibitory neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Dopamine Rust – AP Psych TERMS TO KNOW FOR AP PSYCHOLOGY EXAM Serotonin Endorphins GABA Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Glutamate Nervous Systems Autonomic v. somatic nervous system Sympathetic v. parasympathetic nervous system Neural networks Reflex arc Endocrine System Role of endocrine system Hormones Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid Adrenal glands Pancreas Brain Imaging Phineas Gage Lesions Electroencephalogram (EEG) Computed Tomography Scan (CT Scan) Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET Scan) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional MRI (fMRI) The Brain Medulla Pons Reticular formation Cerebellum Limbic system Thalamus Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Glial cells Cerebrum Cerebral cortex Somatosensory cortex Motor cortex Association areas Mirror neurons Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Wernicke’s area Broca’s area Aphasia Angular gyrus Right hemisphere Left hemisphere Lateralization Corpus callosum Plasticity Neurogenesis Evolutionary Psychology Behavior geneticists Heritability (different from hereditary!) Gene/environment interaction & traits Molecular genetics research Evolutionary psychologists Sensation & Perception Sensation v. perception Top-down processing Bottom -up processing Selective attention (cocktail effect) Inattentional blindness (selective inattention) Change blindness Psychophysics Absolute thresholds Subliminal stimulation/perception Signal detection theory Difference threshold Weber’s Law Sensory adaptation Transduction Pupil Lens & accommodation Retina Rods & cones Fovea (foveal vision) Blindspot & optic nerve Feature detectors Parallel processing Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory Opponent-Process Theory Afterimages Colorblindness Frequency & pitch Amplitude & loudness Outer ear, eardrum Middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup) Inner ear (cochlea, basilar membrane, semicircular canals) Auditory nerve Hair cells Auditory cortex Conduction hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss Frequency theory & volley principle Place theory Kinesthesis Vestibular sense Gate-control theory of pain Sensory interaction Synaesthesia Olfactory sense Gustatory sense Two-point threshold for touch Figure-ground perception Gestalt principles for grouping stimuli Binocular depth cues Monocular depth cues Rust – AP Psych TERMS TO KNOW FOR AP PSYCHOLOGY EXAM Stroboscopic motion Phi phenomenon Perceptual constancies Perceptual set Perceptual adaptation Consciousness Consciousness (define) Dual processing Circadian rhythm Suprachiasmatic nucleus NREM sleep REM sleep Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta waves Sleep spindles Hypnagogic sensations Hypnic jerks Insomnia Hypersomnia Narcolepsy Night Terrors Sleep Apnea Freud’s theory of dreams Latent content Manifest content Physiological theory of dreams Activation-synthesis theory of dreams Cognitive development theory of dreams Information-processing theory of dreams Posthypnotic suggestion Role theory of hypnosis State theory of hypnosis Dissociation & hypnosis Psychoactive drugs Tolerance Withdrawal Physical dependence Psychological dependence Addiction Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens Synergistic effect Learning Habituation Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s experiment UR/US/CR/CS Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous recovery Generalization Discrimination John Watson’s “Little Albert” study Higher-order conditioning Operant conditioning Thorndike’s Law of Effect Shaping Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment Primary v. conditioned (secondary) reinforcers Immediate v. delayed reinforcement Continuous v. partial reinforcement Fixed-ratio reinforcement Variable-ratio reinforcement Fixed-interval reinforcement Variable-interval reinforcement Cognitive maps Latent learning Observational learning Modeling Mirror neurons Albert Bandura’s bobo doll study Memory Information processing Atkinson-Shiffrin “three-box” processing model Parallel processing Automatic processing (shallow) Effortful processing (deep) Rehearsal Ebbinghaus’ nonsense syllables & forgetting curve Spacing effect Serial position effect (primacy, recency) Visual encoding Acoustic encoding Semantic encoding Chunking Iconic memory Echoic memory Haptic memory Long-term potentiation (LTP) Flashbulb memories Implicit memory Explicit memory Episodic memory Semantic memory Procedural memory Recall v. recognition Priming Mood-congruent memory State-dependent memory Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia Infantile amnesia Encoding failure Storage decay Retrieval failure Proactive interference Retroactive interference Motivated forgetting Misinformation effect Source amnesia False memories Repression Connectionism Rust – AP Psych TERMS TO KNOW FOR AP PSYCHOLOGY EXAM Engram Eidetic memory Hippocampus & memory Cerebellum & memory Thinking & Language Concepts Prototypes Algorithms Heuristics Representative heuristic Availability heuristic Anchoring heuristic Insight Divergent thinking Deductive reasoning Confirmation bias Mental set Functional fixedness Overconfidence Belief perseverance Intuition Framing Phonemes Morphemes Babbling stage Telegraphic speech Overextension Overregularization Noam Chomsky Universal grammar Language acquisition device Linguistic determinism (Whorff) Bilingual advantage (Lambert) Intelligence Charles Spearman’s “g” factor Factor analysis L.L. Thurstone Gardner’s multiple intelligences Savant syndrome Sternberg’s three intelligences (triarchic theory) Goleman’s emotional intelligence (EQ) Sir Francis Galton Alfred Binet Mental Age Lewis Terman & innate IQ Intelligence quotient Stanford-Binet IQ test Achievement v. aptitude tests Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Standardization Flynn effect Reliability Validity Content (construct) validity Predictive validity Stereotype threat Development Zygote, Embryo, Fetus Teratogens Fetal alcohol syndrome Maturation Stranger anxiety (Bowlby) Harry Harlow’s experiment (1971) Critical periods Imprinting (Konrad Lorenz, 1937) Temperament & heredity Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” study Secure Attachment Insecure Attachment Schema Assimilation Accommodation Jean Piaget & Cognitive Dev. stages Sensorimotor Stage Object Permanence Preoperational Stage Egocentrism Theory of Mind Concrete Operational Stage Conservation Formal Operations Stage Lev Vygotsky Erik Erikson & Psychosocial stages Trust v. mistrust Identity v. Role Confusion Generativity v. stagnation Integrity v. despair Lawrence Kohlberg & moral development Preconventional morality Conventional morality Postconventional morality Carol Gilligan & moral development G. Stanley Hall’s “storm & stress” Primary & secondary sex characteristics Menarche Self-concept Authoritarian parenting style Authoritative parenting style Permissive parenting style Gender Testosterone Gender roles Gender identity Gender typing Social-learning theory & gender Gender schema Dementia Alzheimers Crystallized intelligence Fluid intelligence Midlife transition Social clock Personality Psychoanalysis Preconscious mind Rust – AP Psych TERMS TO KNOW FOR AP PSYCHOLOGY EXAM Unconscious mind Freudian slip Preconscious mind Psychosexual stages Fixation Identification Id Ego Superego Defense mechanisms Displacement Denial Projection Sublimation Repression Regression Reaction formation Rationalization Alfred Adler & inferiority complex Karen Horney Carl Jung Collective unconscious Objective tests Projective tests Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Rorschach Inkblot Test Terror management theory Gordon Allport Raymond Cattell Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Hans Eysenck’s dimensions Big Five personality factors (O.C.E.A.N.) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Person-situation controversy Abraham Maslow & self-actualization, selftranscendence Carl Rogers’ person-centered theory Unconditional positive regard Self-concept Albert Bandura & social-cognitive perspective (Cognitive-behavioral approach) Reciprocal determinism External v. internal locus of control Learned helplessness Positive psychology Spotlight effect Self-esteem Individualism Collectivism Type A v. Type B personality Motivation Instinct theory Drive-reduction theory Optimum arousal theory Cognitive (incentive) theory Extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation Overjustification Management theory (X and Y) Achievement motivation Approach-approach conflict Approach-avoidance conflict Avoidance-avoidance conflict Glucose Insulin Lateral hypothalamus Ventromedial hypothalamus Set point Basal metabolic rate Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge-eating disorder Unit bias Emotion James-Lange theory Cannon-bard theory Schachter-Singer two-factor theory Lazarus’ Cognitive Appraisal theory Yerkes-Dodson law Polygraph test Galvanic skin response Spillover effect Display rules Facial feedback Catharsis Feel-good, do-good phenomenon Adaptation-level phenomenon Relative deprivation General adaptation syndrome (GAS) Disorders & Treatment DSM-IV Biopsychosocial model Medical model Anxiety Disorders Phobias Agoraphobia Panic Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Somatoform Disorders Somatization Disorder Hypochondriasis Conversion Disorder Mood/Affective Disorders Major depression Bipolar disorder Dysthymic disorder Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative Identity Disorder Personality Disorders Antisocial personality Avoidant personality Rust – AP Psych TERMS TO KNOW FOR AP PSYCHOLOGY EXAM Dependent personality Borderline personality Schizophrenia Delusions Hallucinations Flat affect Paranoid Schizophrenia Disorganized Schizophrenia Catatonic Schizophrenia Residual Schizophrenia Undifferentiated Schizophrenia Psychotherapy Eclectic therapy Psychoanalysis Free association Transference Psychodynamic Therapy (cause/aim) Humanistic Therapy (cause/aim) Client-centered therapy (Rogers) Active listening Unconditional positive regard Behavioral Therapy Counterconditioning Exposure therapy Systematic desensitization Aversive Conditioning Behavior modification Token economy Cognitive Therapy (cause, aim) Beck’s cognitive therapy Cognitive-Behavioral therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Psychopharmacology Antipsychotics L-Dopa Tardive dyskinesia Antianxiety drugs Antidepressants SSRIs Lithium ECT rTMS Psychosurgery Lobotomy Rosenhan’s study & labeling Social Psychology Attribution Theory Dispositional Attribution Situational Attribution Fundamental Attribution Error Self-serving bias Actor-observer bias Self-fulfilling prophecy Attitudes Elaboration likelihood model Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon Zimbardo’s study & role-playing Cognitive Dissonance Theory Chameleon effect Solomon Asch’s Line Study Normative Social Influence Information Social Influence Stanley Milgram’s experiment on obedience Social facilitation Social loafing Deindividuation Group polarization Groupthink Social control v. personal control Minority influence Ingroup bias Stereotype & discrimination Scapegoat theory Outgroup homogeneity Other-race effect (own-race bias) Just World Phenomenon False consensus effect Frustration-aggression principle Social scripts Components of attraction Mere exposure effect Reward theory of attraction “passionate love” v. “companionate love” Equity Self-disclosure Altruism Bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility) Social exchange theory of helping Reciprocity norm Social-responsibility norm Social traps Mirror-image perceptions Self-fulfilling prophecies Superordinate goals Conciliation (GRIT)
