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Abnormal Behavior - Definition: Behavior that is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable. OR, distressful, deviant and
dysfunctional (3 DDD)
Perspectives: IMPORTANT!!!!!!!!!!
Biological (medical model): Abnormal behavior has a biochemical or physiological basis.
Diathesis-stress model: people biologically or genetically predisposed to a disorder can develop that disorder when exposed to stress.
Psychoanalytic Model : Abnormal behavior is a result of unconscious conflicts.
Behavioral Model : Abnormal behavior is a result of faulty learning.
Cognitive Model : Abnormal behavior is a result or irrational or maladaptive ways of thinking.
Classifying Psychological Disorders
Neurotic AND TENDENCIES vs. psychiatric / Psychotic Disorders
DSM-IV: The American Psychological Association’s (APA) Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
AND ICD, International Classification of Diseases
The DSM-IV is a multiaxial system that allows assessment on several axes, each of which refers to a different
domain of information that may help the clinician plan treatment and predict outcome. There are five axes included
in the DSM-IV multiaxial classification:
AXIS I:
Clinical Disorders. Axis I is for reporting all the various disorders or conditions except for
Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation. For Example: Mood Disorders, Eating Disorders, Anxiety Disorders,
etc.
AXIS II:
Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation. Listing these disorders on a separate axis
ensures that consideration will be given to the possible presence of Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation
that might otherwise be overlooked when attention is directed to the usually more florid Axis I disorders.
AXIS III:
General Medical Conditions. Axis III is for reporting medical conditions that are potentially
relevant to the understanding and management of the individual’s mental disorder.
AXIS IV:
Psychosocial and Environmental Problems. Axis IV is for reporting psychosocial or
environmental problems that may affect the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mental disorders (Axis I and
Axis II). For example: educational problems, housing problems, problems with access to health care services,
problems with (or lack of) primary support group, legal problems, etc.
Axis V:
Global Assessment of Functioning. Axis V is for reporting the clinician’s judgment of the
individual’s overall level of functioning using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Clinicians rate the
patient on a scale of 1 to 100 with 1 = “persistent danger of severely hurting self or others OR occasionally fails to
maintain minimal personal hygiene OR gross impairment in communication” and 100 = “superior functioning in a
wide range of activities, life’s problems never seem to get out of hand, is sought out by others because of his or her
many positive qualities. No symptoms”.
Psychological Disorders – all mental illness fall into at least one of these catagories.
Anxiety Disorders – AXIS I
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder (with or without Agoraphobia)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Phobias
Social Phobia
Specific Phobias
Mood (Affective) Disorders - AXIS I
Major Depressive Disorder
Mania
Bi-polar Disorder
Dysthymia
Cyclothymia
Dissociative Disorders - AXIS I
Amnesia
Fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Somatoform(Body)Disorders - AXIS I
Somatization Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Hypochondriasis
Schizophrenic Disorders - AXIS I
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Paranoid
Disorganized
Catatonic
Undifferentiated
Residual
Personality Disorders – AXIS II – 10 OF THEM (Description Below)
1) Schizoid
2) Paranoid
3) Dependent
4) Narcissistic
5) Histrionic
6) Obsessive-compulsive
7) Avoidant
8) Schizotypal
9) Antisocial
10) Borderline
Disorders of Childhood & Adolescence – AXIS II
Autism
Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Learning Disabilities
Conduct Disorder
Anxiety Disorders – High metabolic/movement area in the frontal lobe = attention area of brain
Generalized Anxiety Disorder : continual tenseness & nervousness.
Panic Disorder : intense fear or terror that seems to come “out of the blue”.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder : person is compelled to think disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and perform senseless rituals (compulsions)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder : anxiety
& nightmares result from some disturbing incident from the past.
Phobic Disorder : irrational fear & avoidance of a specific object or situation.
Social Phobia (ex: public speaking)
Simple (and specific) Phobia (snakes, heights, etc.)
Agoraphobia : fear of leaving home or being in open spaces.
Explaining Anxiety Disorders
Behavioral (learning) Model: Phobia is actually anxiety based-not fear based
classical conditioning
operant conditioning (reinforcement)
generalization
observational learning (Bandura)
Biological Model:
evolution
genetics
physiology
Psychoanalytic : anxiety is a result of repressed impulses(GUILT) that begin to come into consciousness.
Somatoform Disorders – soma = body disorders
Somatization Disorder : vague, recurring physical symptoms for which no medical cause can be found.
Conversion Disorder : specific and dramatic physical disability for which no medical cause can be found (e.g., blindness, and paralysis).
Hypochondriasis : small & insignificant symptoms are interpreted as signs of serious illness.
Somatoform Disorders
Disorders in which there is an apparent physical disorder for which there is no organic basis.
Somatization Disorder:
Disorder characterized by recurrent vague somatic complaints without a physical cause (e.g., back pain, dizziness, abdominal pain, etc.)
Conversion Disorder:
Disorder in which a dramatic specific disability has no physical cause and instead seems related to psychological problems (e.g., paralysis,
blindness, deafness, false pregnancy, etc.)
Hypochondriasis:
A condition in which a person interprets small and insignificant symptoms as signs of serious illness in the absence of any organic symptoms of such
illness (e.g., headache = brain tumor, abdominal pain = stomach cancer).
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Dissociative Disorders
Disorders in which some aspect of the personality seems fragmented from the rest, as in amnesia or multiple personality.
Dissociative Amnesia:
Loss of memory for past events. The events are usually traumatic in nature.
Dissociative Fugue:
Loss of all episodic memory. The sufferer often moves away from their hometown and begins a new life with an entirely new identity.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder):
Condition in which more that one personality seems present in a single person.
Dissociative Disorders - Disorders in which some aspect of the personality seems separated or fragmented from the rest.
Dissociative Amnesia : selective memory loss often brought about by severe stress. Dissociative Fugue : amnesia accompanied by flight from one’s
home and identity. Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personality disorder): more than one personality seems to be present in a single individual.
Major Depressive Disorder : two or more weeks during which a person is over- whelmed by feelings of sadness, apathy, worthlessness and guilt.
Mania : state in which a person is overly excited, hyperactive, and optimistic. Bipolar Disorder : the person alternates between periods of depression
& mania.
Explaining Affective Disorders (affective disorders are those with a depressive or manic component)
Disorders that effect the AFFECT - Concerned with or arousing feelings or emotions; emotional - Influenced by or resulting from the
emotions, as of a psychological disorder.
Biological Model:
Genetics—runs in families, higher concordance rate in identical than fraternal twins.
Biochemical----serotonin & norepinephrine levels in the brain are low during periods of depression & high during periods of mania.
Behavioral Model:
operant conditioning—reinforcement
learned helplessness (Seligman)
Cognitive Model:
negative & irrational attributions—
explain bad events in terms that are stable, global, and internal (Beck)
Depression’s vicious cycle: stress--> negative explanations-->depressed mood-->cognitive & behavioral changes-->stress
Criteria for a Manic Episode
A. A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least one week (or any duration if
hospitalization is necessary).
B. During the period of mood disturbance, three (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted (four if the mood is only irritable)
and have been present to a significant degree:
1. inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
2. decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep)
3. more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
4. flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
5. distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli)
6. increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation
7. excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained
buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments)
C. The symptoms do not meet the criteria for a "mixed episode"
D. The mood disturbance is significantly severe to cause marked impairment in occupational
functioning or in usual social activities or relationships with others, or to necessitate
hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others, or there are psychotic features.
E. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse,
a medication, or other treatment) or a general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).
Criteria for a Hypomania
A. A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least
four days, that is clearly different from the usual nondepressed mood.
B. During the period of mood disturbance, three (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted (four if
the mood is only irritable) and have been present to a significant degree:
1. inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
2. decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep)
3. more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
4. flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
5. distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli)
6. increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or
psychomotor agitation
7. excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g.,
engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments)
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C. The episode is associated with an unequivocal change in functioning that is uncharacteristic of the person
when not symptomatic.
D. The disturbance in mood and the change in functioning are observable by others.
E. The episode is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning,
or to necessitate hospitalization, and there are no psychotic features.
F. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse,
a medication, or other treatment), or a general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).
Major Depressive Disorder
Patients with this disorder have had one or more Major Depressive Episodes, but have never had a manic episode, mixed episode, or
hypomanic episode.
Criteria for a Major Depressive Episode
A.
Five or more of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous
functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
1.
depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., feels sad or empty) or by
observation made by others e.g., "appears tearful").
2.
markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day nearly every day (as indicated by either
subjective account or observation made by others).
3.
significant weight loss while not dieting or weight gain (i.e., a change of more then 5% of body weight in a month), or a decrease
or increase in appetite nearly every day.
4.
insomnia or hypersomnia (too much sleep) nearly every day.
5.
psychomotor agitation(pacing, jitters) or retardation (lethargic) nearly every day (observable by others, not merely subjective
feelings of restlessness or being slowed down).
6. fatique or loss of energy nearly every day.
7. feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach
or guilt about being sick).
8. diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by
others).
9. recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a
specific plan for committing suicide.
B.
The symptoms do not meet the criteria for a "mixed episode".
C.
The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
D. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance abuse or a general medical condition (e.g.,
hypothyroidism).
E.
The symptoms are not better accounted for by bereavement, (i.e., after the loss of a loved one).
Criteria for Bipolar Disorder
For the purposes of tests in this class and the AP Psychology Exam, you only need know that bipolar disorder is:
An affective disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
In actuality there are two broad categories of bipolar disorder: Bipolar I and Bipolar II.
Bipolar I Disorder:
In general, the individual suffers from Manic Episodes along with Major Depressive Episodes or Mixed Episodes. (Or, the patient cycles between
manic episodes normal mood.)
Bipolar II Disorder
Patients with this disorder have had at least one Major Depressive Episode, at least one Hypomanic Episode, and no Manic Episodes or Mixed
Episodes.
Personality Disorders AXIS II, 10 of them
A person exhibits inflexible & maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving that impair social functioning.
Dependent: Disorder in which a person in unable to make choices and decisions independently and cannot tolerate being alone.
Histrionic: Disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.
Narcissistic: Disorder in which a person has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and needs constant admiration.
Antisocial: Disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, deceitfulness, irresponsibility,
impulsiveness, and lack of remorse.
Obsessive-compulsive: Disorder characterized by perfectionism and inflexibility.
Passive-aggressive: Disorder characterized by passive resistance to performing tasks or doing things others request. Anger is expressed by covert
means.
Schizoid: Disorder characterized by limited emotion and a lack of interest in close relationships with others.
Avoidant: Disorder characterized by discomfort in social situations, fear of evaluation, and timidity.
Paranoid: Disorder in which a person is inappropriately suspicious and mistrustful of others.
Schizotypal: Disorder in which a person exhibits extremely odd behavior and thought patterns, but the person is not actively psychotic.
Borderline: Disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotional control, and self-control.
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Schizophrenic Disorders – AXIS I
Disturbances in thought, communication, emotions, & perceptions. May include:
Hallucinations: false sensory perceptions
Delusions: false beliefs about reality
Positive Symptoms(add to the disorder…..+speech, delusions, etc) : incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, “strange”
behavior
Negative Symptoms(take away….no appetite, sleeplessness) : motionlessness, stupor, lack of emotion (flat affect)
Schizophrenic Subtypes
1)
2)
3)
4)
Disorganized : bizarre speech & behavior— Flat or inappropriate affect.
Catatonic : disturbed motor behavior— immobility or excessive movement. Mimicking of others’ speech & movements or “waxy flexibility”.
Paranoid : excessive suspiciousness & complex, bizarre delusions.
Undifferentiated : symptoms from more than one of the above categories.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive vs. Negative Symptom
Positive Symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning. Positive symptoms include: (1) delusions, or false beliefs about reality; (2)
hallucinations, or false sensory perceptions; and (3) severely disorganized thought processes (thought disorder), speech, and behavior.
Negative Symptoms reflect a restriction or reduction of normal functions, such as greatly reduced motivation, movement, emotional expressiveness
( flat or blunted affect), or speech (poverty of speech).
Delusions and Hallucinations
Delusions: Falsely held beliefs that persist in spite of contradictory evidence.
o Delusions of Grandeur: Sufferers believe they are extremely powerful, important, wealthy, or famous. People may believe they
are the reincarnation of some famous or powerful person, such as Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, Satan, Marilyn Monroe, or Elvis
Presley.
o Delusions of Persecution: Sufferers believe that others are plotting against them or trying to harm them. For example, sufferers
might believe that the CIA is after them, that aliens are harming them with "cosmic rays", or that family members are trying to
poison them.
Hallucinations: False or distorted perceptions that seem vividly real to the person experiencing them. Over 60% of schizophrenics report auditory
hallucinations; 30% report visual hallucinations; 15% report tactile hallucinations; and about 10% report gustatory and/or olfactory hallucinations.
Onset, Course, and Prognosis
Chronic (or Process) Schizophrenia: Symptoms develop gradually, emerging from a long history of social inadequacy. Those with chronic
(process) schizophrenia have a much poorer prognosis. Recovery is unlikely. (While not a hard and fast rule, these individuals tend to exhibit more
of the "negative" symptoms described above.)
Acute (or Reactive) Schizophrenia: Symptoms develop suddenly, seemingly as a reaction to stress. Those with acute (reactive) schizophrenia
have a better prognosis. They tend to respond more positively to drug therapy. (Again, while not a hard and fast rule, these individuals ten to exhibit
more of the "positive" symptoms described above.)
Development of Schizophrenia
Acute (reactive) : Sudden onset—best prognosis.
Chronic (process) : Slower development over a long period of time—worse prognosis
Explaining Schizophrenia
Brain anatomy:
large ventricles & shrinkage of
cerebral tissue
Genetics:
more common in people with a close relative who has the disorder
(e.g., 50% concordance in identical twins, 16% in fraternal twins.
Prenatal virus: (still under study)
Biochemical: too many dopamine receptors in the brain.
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___ 1. Which of the following is true concerning abnormal behavior?
A) Definitions of abnormal behavior are culture-dependent.
B) A behavior cannot be defined as abnormal unless it is considered harmful to society.
C) Abnormal behavior can be defined as any behavior that is distressful.
D) Definitions of abnormal behavior are based on physiological factors.
___ 2. The criteria for classifying behavior as psychologically disordered:
A) vary from culture to culture.
B) vary from time to time.
C) are characterized by both a. and b.
D) have remained largely unchanged over the course of history.
___ 3. Behavior is classified as disordered when it is:
A) deviant. B) distressful. C) dysfunctional. D) all of the above.
___ 4. (Thinking Critically) Thirteen-year-old Ronald constantly fidgets in his seat at school, frequently blurts out answers without being called,
and is extremely distractible. A psychiatrist might diagnose Ronald with:
A) bipolar disorder.
C) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B) panic disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
___ 5. Our early ancestors commonly attributed disordered behavior to:
A) “bad blood.” B) evil spirits. C) brain injury. D) laziness.
___ 6. The French reformer who insisted that madness was not demon possession and who called for humane treatment of patients was:
A) Nadel. B) Freud. C) Szasz. D) Pinel.
___ 7. Which of the following is true of the medical model?
A) In recent years, it has been in large part discredited.
B) It views psychological disorders as sicknesses that are diagnosable and treatable.
C) It emphasizes the role of psychological factors in disorders over that of physiological factors.
D) It focuses on cognitive factors.
___ 8. Most mental health workers today take the view that disordered behaviors:
A) are usually genetically triggered.
C) arise from the interaction of nature and nurture.
B) are organic diseases.
D) are the product of learning.
___ 9. The fact that disorders such as schizophrenia are universal and influenced by heredity, whereas other disorders such as anorexia
nervosa are culture-bound provides evidence for the ________ model of psychological disorders.
A) medical B) biopsychosocial C) social-cultural D) psychoanalytic
___ 10. Evidence of environmental effects on psychological disorders is seen in the fact that certain disorders, such as ________, are
universal, whereas others, such as ________, are culture-bound.
A) schizophrenia; depression
C) antisocial personality; neurosis
B) depression; schizophrenia
D) depression; anorexia nervosa
___ 11. Many psychologists dislike using DSM-IV because of its:
A) failure to emphasize observable behaviors in the diagnostic process.
B) learning theory bias.
C) medical model bias.
D) psychoanalytic bias.
___ 12. The diagnostic reliability of DSM-IV:
A) is unknown. B) depends on the age of the patient. C) is very low. D) is relatively high.
___ 13. (Thinking Critically) The term insanity refers to:
A) legal definitions.
B) psychotic disorders only.
C) personality disorders only.
D) both psychotic disorders and personality disorders.
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___ 14. Which of the following statements concerning the labeling of disordered behaviors is not true?
A) Labels interfere with effective treatment of psychological disorders.
B) Labels promote research studies of psychological disorders.
C) Labels may create preconceptions that bias people's perceptions.
D) Labels may influence behavior by creating self-fulfilling prophecies.
___ 15. Phobias and obsessive-compulsive behaviors are classified as:
A) anxiety disorders. B) mood disorders. C) dissociative disorders. D) personality disorders.
___ 16. Sharon is continually tense, jittery, and apprehensive for no specific reason. She would probably be diagnosed as suffering a(n):
A) phobia. B) major depressive disorder. C) obsessive-compulsive disorder. D) generalized anxiety disorder.
___ 17. Irene occasionally experiences unpredictable episodes of intense dread accompanied by chest pains and a sensation of smothering.
Since her symptoms have no apparent cause, they would probably be classified as indicative of:
A) schizophrenia. B) bipolar disorder. C) post-traumatic stress disorder. D) panic attack.
___ 18. Joe has an intense, irrational fear of snakes. He is suffering from a(n):
A) generalized anxiety disorder. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) phobia. D) mood disorder.
___ 19. Jason is so preoccupied with staying clean that he showers as many as 10 times each day. Jason would be diagnosed as suffering
from a(n):
A) dissociative disorder.
C) personality disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
___ 20. Although she escaped from war-torn Bosnia two years ago, Zheina still has haunting memories and nightmares. Because she is also
severely depressed, her therapist diagnoses her condition as:
A) dissociative identity disorder. B) bipolar disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) post-traumatic stress disorder.
___ 21. The psychoanalytic perspective would most likely view phobias as:
A) conditioned fears.
B) displaced responses to incompletely repressed impulses.
C) biological predispositions.
D) manifestations of self-defeating thoughts.
___ 22. Julia's psychologist believes that Julia's fear of heights can be traced to a conditioned fear she developed after falling from a ladder.
This explanation reflects a ______ perspective.
A) medical B) psychoanalytic C) social-cognitive D) learning
___ 23. Before he can study, Rashid must arrange his books, pencils, paper, and other items on his desk so that they are “just so.” The campus
counselor suggests that Rashid's compulsive behavior may help alleviate his anxiety about failing in school, which reinforces the
compulsive actions. This explanation of obsessive-compulsive behavior is most consistent with which perspective?
A) learning B) psychoanalytic C) humanistic D) social-cognitive
___ 24. After falling from a ladder, Joseph is afraid of airplanes, although he has never flown. This demonstrates that some fears arise from:
A) observational learning. B) reinforcement. C) stimulus generalization. D) stimulus discrimination.
___ 25. To which of the following is a person most likely to acquire a phobia?
A) heights B) being in public C) being dirty D) All of the above are equally likely.
___ 26. Which of the following provides evidence that human fears have been subjected to the evolutionary process?
A) Compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to our species' survival.
B) Most phobias focus on objects that our ancestors also feared.
C) It is easier to condition some fears than others.
D) All of the above provide evidence.
___ 27. Which of the following was presented in the text as evidence of biological influences on anxiety disorders?
A) Identical twins often develop similar phobias.
B) PET scans of persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder reveal unusually high activity in an area of the frontal lobes.
C) Drugs that dampen fear-circuit activity in the amygdala also alleviate OCD.
D) All of the above were presented.
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___ 28. Dr. Jekyll, whose second personality was Mr. Hyde, had a(n) ________ disorder.
A) anxiety B) dissociative C) mood D) personality
___ 29. As a child, Monica was criticized severely by her mother for not living up to her expectations. This criticism was always followed by a
beating with a whip. As an adult, Monica is generally introverted and extremely shy. Sometimes, however, she acts more like a young
child, throwing tantrums if she doesn't get her way. At other times, she is a flirting, happy-go-lucky young lady. Most likely, Monica is
suffering from:
A) a phobia. B) dissociative schizophrenia. C) dissociative identity disorder. D) bipolar disorder.
___ 30. (Thinking Critically) Nicholas Spanos considers dissociative identity disorder to be:
A) a genuine disorder.
B) merely role-playing.
C) a disorder that cannot be explained according to the learning perspective.
D) both a. and c.
___ 31. (Thinking Critically) Psychoanalytic and learning theorists both agree that dissociative and anxiety disorders are symptoms that
represent the person's attempt to deal with:
A) unconscious conflicts. B) anxiety. C) unfulfilled wishes. D) unpleasant responsibilities.
___ 32. Which of the following is the most pervasive of the psychological disorders?
A) depression B) schizophrenia C) bipolar disorder D) generalized anxiety disorder
___ 33. For the past six months, a woman has complained of feeling isolated from others, dissatisfied with life, and discouraged about the
future. This woman could be diagnosed as suffering from:
A) bipolar disorder. B) major depressive disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) dissociative disorder.
___ 34. On Monday, Matt felt optimistic, energetic, and on top of the world. On Tuesday, he felt hopeless and lethargic, and thought that the
future looked very grim. Matt would most likely be diagnosed as having:
A) bipolar disorder. B) major depressive disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) panic disorder.
___ 35. In general, women are more vulnerable than men to:
A) active disorders such as anxiety.
B) passive disorders such as depression.
C) active disorders such as antisocial conduct.
D) passive disorders such as alcohol abuse.
___ 36. Which of the following is not true concerning depression?
A) Depression is more common in females than in males.
B) Most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular factor or event.
C) Most depressive episodes last less than 3 months.
D) Most people recover from depression without professional therapy.
___ 37. Connie's therapist has suggested that her depression stems from unresolved anger toward her parents. Evidently, Connie's therapist is
working within the ________ perspective.
A) learning B) social-cognitive C) biological D) psychoanalytic
___ 38. According to psychoanalytic theory, memory of losses, especially in combination with internalized anger, is likely to result in:
A) learned helplessness. B) the self-serving bias. C) weak ego defense mechanisms. D) depression.
___ 39. In treating depression, a psychiatrist would probably prescribe a drug that would:
A) increase levels of acetylcholine.
C) increase levels of norepinephrine.
B) decrease levels of dopamine.
D) decrease levels of serotonin.
___ 40. Which neurotransmitter is present in overabundant amounts during the manic phase of bipolar disorder?
A) dopamine B) serotonin C) epinephrine D) norepinephrine
___ 41. Alicia's doctor, who thinks that Alicia's depression has a biochemical cause, prescribes a drug that:
A) reduces norepinephrine. B) increases norepinephrine. C) reduces serotonin. D) increases acetylcholine.
___ 42. According to the social-cognitive perspective, a person who experiences unexpected aversive events may develop helplessness and
manifest a(n):
A) obsessive-compulsive disorder. B) dissociative disorder. C) personality disorder. D) mood disorder.
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___ 43. Social-cognitive theorists contend that depression is linked with:
A) negative moods. B) maladaptive explanations of failure. C) self-defeating beliefs. D) all of the above.
___ 44. Ken's therapist suggested that his depression is a result of his self-defeating thoughts and negative assumptions about himself, his
situation, and his future. Evidently, Ken's therapist is working within the ________ perspective.
A) learning B) social-cognitive C) biological D) psychoanalytic
___ 45. Gender differences in the prevalence of depression may be partly due to the fact that when stressful experiences occur:
A) women tend to act, while men tend to think.
B) women tend to think, while men tend to act.
C) women tend to distract themselves by drinking, while men tend to delve into their work.
D) women tend to delve into their work, while men tend to distract themselves by drinking.
___ 46. Claiming that she heard a voice commanding her to warn other people that eating is harmful, Sandy attempts to convince others in a
restaurant not to eat. The psychiatrist to whom she is referred finds that Sandy's thinking and speech are often fragmented and
incoherent. In addition, Sandy has an unreasonable fear that someone is “out to get her” and consequently trusts no one. Her condition
is most indicative of:
A) schizophrenia. B) generalized anxiety disorder. C) a phobia. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
___ 47. Which of the following is not a symptom of schizophrenia?
A) inappropriate emotions B) disturbed perceptions C) panic attacks D) disorganized thinking
___ 48. Hearing voices would be a(n) ________; believing that you are Napoleon would be a(n) ________.
A) obsession; compulsion B) compulsion; obsession C) delusion; hallucination D) hallucination; delusion
___ 49. Most of the hallucinations of schizophrenia patients involve the sense of:
A) smell. B) vision. C) hearing. D) touch.
___ 50. Many psychologists believe the disorganized thoughts of people with schizophrenia result from a breakdown in:
A) selective attention. B) memory storage. C) motivation. D) memory retrieval.
___ 51. When schizophrenia is slow to develop, called ________ schizophrenia, recovery is ________.
A) reactive; unlikely B) process; likely C) process; unlikely D) reactive; likely
___ 52. The effect of drugs that block receptors for dopamine is to:
A) alleviate schizophrenia symptoms.
B) alleviate depression.
C) increase schizophrenia symptoms.
D) increase depression.
___ 53. Wayne's doctor attempts to help Wayne by prescribing a drug that blocks receptors for dopamine. Wayne has apparently been
diagnosed with:
A) a mood disorder. B) an anxiety disorder. C) a personality disorder. D) schizophrenia.
___ 54. Which of the following is not true regarding schizophrenia?
A) It occurs more frequently in people born in winter and spring months.
B) It occurs less frequently as infectious disease rates have declined.
C) It occurs more frequently in lightly populated areas.
D) It usually appears during adolescence or early adulthood.
___ 55. Research evidence links the brain abnormalities of schizophrenia to ________ during prenatal development.
A) maternal stress
C) abnormal levels of certain hormones
B) a viral infection contracted
D) the weight of the unborn child
___ 56. Among the following, which is generally accepted as a possible cause of schizophrenia?
A) an excess of endorphins in the brain
C) extensive learned helplessness
B) being a twin
D) a genetic predisposition
___ 57. Janet, whose class presentation is titled “Current Views on the Causes of Schizophrenia,” concludes her talk with the statement:
A) “Schizophrenia is caused by intolerable stress.”
B) “Schizophrenia is inherited.”
C) “Genes may predispose some people to react to particular experiences by developing schizophrenia.”
D) “As of this date, schizophrenia is completely unpredictable and its causes are unknown.”
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___ 58. The early warning signs of schizophrenia, based on studies of high-risk children, include all but which of the following?
A) having a severely schizophrenic mother
C) having a short attention span
B) having been separated from parents
D) having matured physically at a very early age
___ 59. Bob has never been able to keep a job. He's been in and out of jail for charges such as theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Bob
would most likely be diagnosed as having:
A) a dissociative identity disorder.
C) schizophrenia.
B) major depressive disorder.
D) an antisocial personality.
___ 60. When expecting to be electrically shocked, people with an antisocial disorder, as compared to normal people, show:
A) less fear and greater arousal of the autonomic nervous system.
B) less fear and less autonomic arousal.
C) greater fear and greater autonomic arousal.
D) greater fear and less autonomic arousal.
16 Answer Key
1. B
22. B
43. B
2. D
23. D
44. B
3. A
24. D
45. C
4. D
25. D
46. D
5. D
26. C
47. A
6. B
27. A
48. D
7. D
28. D
49. D
8. A
29. D
50. A
9. C
30. B
51. C
10. B
31. B
52. A
11. D
32. A
53. B
12. C
33. D
54. C
13. C
34. A
55. B
14. B
35. B
56. C
15. D
36. C
57. C
16. C
37. C
58. D
17. C
38. A
59. D
18. A
39. B
60. C
19. C
40. D
61. B
20. A
41. C
21. B
42. A
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