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Chapter 16: Oceans
16.1 Composition and Structure of Earth’s Oceans
Earth’s Oceans: make up ____% of our water.
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The Pacific Ocean ______________________________________________________
The Atlantic Ocean _____________________________________________________
The Indian Ocean ______________________________________________________
The Southern Ocean ____________________________________________________
The Arctic Ocean _______________________________________________________
Formation of the Oceans:
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The ocean forms because of:
o Condensation – Water _________ cools and ____________ into a liquid.
o Asteroids and Comets - _____ comets and asteroids collided with ___________
and then melted.
o Tectonic Changes – As the plates ________, new oceans can form.
Composition of Seawater:
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Salinity – is a measure of the mass of dissolved solids in a mass of water.
Seawater – is water from a sea or ocean that has an average salinity of 35 ppt.
Brackish water – is freshwater mixed with seawater.
The Seafloor:
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Continental Margins – part of the ocean basin next to a ______________.
o Extends from the shoreline to the ______ ocean.
o Divided into the ______________ __________ (shallow), ______________
___________ (steep), and the __________________ _________ (at the base of
the slope).
o Sediments collect here.
Abyssal Plains – are large, flat areas of the seafloor that extend across the deepest parts
of the ocean basins.
o _________ layers of sediment
o Some underwater _________________
Mid-Ocean Ridges - __________ ___________ pull apart and __________ mountains
form.
Ocean Trenches – form along the edge of an ____________ ___________.
o _____________ part of an ocean.
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Our seafloor has two major resources: _________ __________ and _____________.
Zones in the Ocean:
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Surface Zone - ____________________________________________________
Middle Zone - ____________________________________________________
Deep Zone - ______________________________________________________
*Draw a picture below….
16.2 Ocean Waves and Tides
*Draw and label the Parts of a Wave…
Surface Waves:
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_______ causes these waves that roll onto the ___________.
All different sizes.
Factors that affect the size are: _______ _________, __________ and distance.
Waves move in a _____________ motion.
What happens as the waves reach shore?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Tsunamis:
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Tsunami – is a wave that forms when an ocean disturbance suddenly moves a large
volume of water.
o Can be caused by an underwater _____________, _____________, a volcanic
eruption or ice breaking off of a _______________.
Tides:
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Sea level - is the average level of the ocean’s surface at any given time.
Tides – are the periodic rise and fall of the ocean’s surface caused by the gravitational
force between Earth and the Moon, and between Earth and the Sun.
o The ________’s gravitational force aids in the highest tides.
o Pic:
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Tidal Range - the difference in water level between a high tide and a low tide.
Spring Tide – has the largest tidal range and occurs when Earth, the Moon, and the Sun
form a straight line.
o Picture:
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Neap Tide - has the lowest tidal range and occurs when Earth, the Moon, and the Sun
form a right angle.
o Pic:
16.3 Ocean Currents
Major Ocean Currents:
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Ocean Current – is a large volume of water flowing in a certain direction.
_______ currents carry warm or cold water _____________ across the ocean.
Gyre – a circular system of currents.
o Currents move in the ________ direction. (different in each _____________)
Coriolis Effect – the movement of wind and water to the right or left that is caused by
Earth’s rotation.
o Causes air and water to _________ to the right in the ___________ hemisphere,
in a ________________ direction.
o In the ________________ hemisphere, the air and water curve ______ and in a
___________________ direction.
Upwelling – the vertical movement of water toward the ocean’s surface.
o Occurs when ________ blows across the ocean’s surface and pushes _________
away from an area.
o ____________ and ____________ water is pushed to the surface. This water is
___________-rich.
Density currents move water ________________.
o Carry water from the __________ to deeper parts of the ocean.
o NOT cause by _________.
o Density currents are caused by changes in ___________.
Impacts on Weather and Climate
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The Gulf Stream transfers _____________ __________ and moisture to the surrounding
________.
How else is weather and climate affected?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
16.4 Environmental Impacts on Oceans
Ocean Pollution:
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Ocean pollution comes from point-source pollution and ________________ pollution.
Sources of ocean pollution
o Runoff from land (_________)
o __________ pollutants originating from land
o Spills from ________________
o Dumping ___________ directly into the ____________
o Offshore _____________ and _______________ for resources
Effects of Ocean Pollution:
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Marine – refers to anything related to the ocean.
Solid waste = trash (_______________, _____________, ____________)
o Organisms can become _______________ in all of this trash.
 Ex: The Great Pacific _______________ _____________ in the Pacific
Ocean.
Excess Sediments = large amount of _______-based ______________ is washed into the
oceans.
o __________ is a major contributor.
o Too much _________________ can clog filtering structures of marine
____________ ______________.
o If there is too much sediment, _________________ cannot take place.
Harmful Algal Bloom - an extensive growth of algae that harms organisms.
o Can produce ______________ substances killing many organisms.
o Some use up too much of the ___________ in the water. (This happens during
the dying and ______________ phases.)
Oceans and Global Climate Change:
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Coral Bleaching - the loss of color in corals that occurs when stressed corals expel the
algae that live in them.
o Coral bleaching occurs because of Earth’s ______________ temperatures.
Sea level is rising due to melting of ____________ and __________.
The warmer the water, the less ______________ ________ is available for organisms.
_____ is increasing on land and it is also increasing in our ________________.
o Water is becoming slightly __________ due to more _______ in the water.