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Transcript
Chapter 16: Oceans 16.1 Composition and Structure of Earth’s Oceans Earth’s Oceans: make up ____% of our water. - The Pacific Ocean ______________________________________________________ The Atlantic Ocean _____________________________________________________ The Indian Ocean ______________________________________________________ The Southern Ocean ____________________________________________________ The Arctic Ocean _______________________________________________________ Formation of the Oceans: - The ocean forms because of: o Condensation – Water _________ cools and ____________ into a liquid. o Asteroids and Comets - _____ comets and asteroids collided with ___________ and then melted. o Tectonic Changes – As the plates ________, new oceans can form. Composition of Seawater: - Salinity – is a measure of the mass of dissolved solids in a mass of water. Seawater – is water from a sea or ocean that has an average salinity of 35 ppt. Brackish water – is freshwater mixed with seawater. The Seafloor: - - - Continental Margins – part of the ocean basin next to a ______________. o Extends from the shoreline to the ______ ocean. o Divided into the ______________ __________ (shallow), ______________ ___________ (steep), and the __________________ _________ (at the base of the slope). o Sediments collect here. Abyssal Plains – are large, flat areas of the seafloor that extend across the deepest parts of the ocean basins. o _________ layers of sediment o Some underwater _________________ Mid-Ocean Ridges - __________ ___________ pull apart and __________ mountains form. Ocean Trenches – form along the edge of an ____________ ___________. o _____________ part of an ocean. - Our seafloor has two major resources: _________ __________ and _____________. Zones in the Ocean: - Surface Zone - ____________________________________________________ Middle Zone - ____________________________________________________ Deep Zone - ______________________________________________________ *Draw a picture below…. 16.2 Ocean Waves and Tides *Draw and label the Parts of a Wave… Surface Waves: - _______ causes these waves that roll onto the ___________. All different sizes. Factors that affect the size are: _______ _________, __________ and distance. Waves move in a _____________ motion. What happens as the waves reach shore? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Tsunamis: - Tsunami – is a wave that forms when an ocean disturbance suddenly moves a large volume of water. o Can be caused by an underwater _____________, _____________, a volcanic eruption or ice breaking off of a _______________. Tides: - Sea level - is the average level of the ocean’s surface at any given time. Tides – are the periodic rise and fall of the ocean’s surface caused by the gravitational force between Earth and the Moon, and between Earth and the Sun. o The ________’s gravitational force aids in the highest tides. o Pic: - Tidal Range - the difference in water level between a high tide and a low tide. Spring Tide – has the largest tidal range and occurs when Earth, the Moon, and the Sun form a straight line. o Picture: - Neap Tide - has the lowest tidal range and occurs when Earth, the Moon, and the Sun form a right angle. o Pic: 16.3 Ocean Currents Major Ocean Currents: - - - Ocean Current – is a large volume of water flowing in a certain direction. _______ currents carry warm or cold water _____________ across the ocean. Gyre – a circular system of currents. o Currents move in the ________ direction. (different in each _____________) Coriolis Effect – the movement of wind and water to the right or left that is caused by Earth’s rotation. o Causes air and water to _________ to the right in the ___________ hemisphere, in a ________________ direction. o In the ________________ hemisphere, the air and water curve ______ and in a ___________________ direction. Upwelling – the vertical movement of water toward the ocean’s surface. o Occurs when ________ blows across the ocean’s surface and pushes _________ away from an area. o ____________ and ____________ water is pushed to the surface. This water is ___________-rich. Density currents move water ________________. o Carry water from the __________ to deeper parts of the ocean. o NOT cause by _________. o Density currents are caused by changes in ___________. Impacts on Weather and Climate - The Gulf Stream transfers _____________ __________ and moisture to the surrounding ________. How else is weather and climate affected? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 16.4 Environmental Impacts on Oceans Ocean Pollution: - Ocean pollution comes from point-source pollution and ________________ pollution. Sources of ocean pollution o Runoff from land (_________) o __________ pollutants originating from land o Spills from ________________ o Dumping ___________ directly into the ____________ o Offshore _____________ and _______________ for resources Effects of Ocean Pollution: - - - Marine – refers to anything related to the ocean. Solid waste = trash (_______________, _____________, ____________) o Organisms can become _______________ in all of this trash. Ex: The Great Pacific _______________ _____________ in the Pacific Ocean. Excess Sediments = large amount of _______-based ______________ is washed into the oceans. o __________ is a major contributor. o Too much _________________ can clog filtering structures of marine ____________ ______________. o If there is too much sediment, _________________ cannot take place. Harmful Algal Bloom - an extensive growth of algae that harms organisms. o Can produce ______________ substances killing many organisms. o Some use up too much of the ___________ in the water. (This happens during the dying and ______________ phases.) Oceans and Global Climate Change: - - Coral Bleaching - the loss of color in corals that occurs when stressed corals expel the algae that live in them. o Coral bleaching occurs because of Earth’s ______________ temperatures. Sea level is rising due to melting of ____________ and __________. The warmer the water, the less ______________ ________ is available for organisms. _____ is increasing on land and it is also increasing in our ________________. o Water is becoming slightly __________ due to more _______ in the water.