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BIOLOGY 1 TEST SEMESTER FINALS REVIEW SHEETANSWERS CHAPTERS 1-7 1. observations, hypothesis, experimenting, conclusions, theory 2. an educated guess; a testable explanation to a question or problem, written as IF…THEN statement 3. theory is formed after many, many experiments 4. constant internal conditions; stable 5. magnification makes specimens bigger, resolution makes more clear 6. 100x 7. chemical 8. to run all of the chemical reactions in the body; are biological catalysts; are proteins (CHON); decrease the activation energy; speed up chemical reactions; can be re-used 9. what the enzyme attaches to (like a lock and key) 10. an enzyme that starts the chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy 11. carbon 12. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids 13. CHO, carbs are sugars; are simple sugars = monosaccharides, two sugars = disaccharides, many sugars = polysaccharides; examples are glucose, fructose 14. CHO; fats, cholesterol; made up of fatty acids 15. CHON; made up of amino acids; are enzymes 16. DNA, RNA 17. want Surface Area to be small so it fits inside your body but not too big so that all the organelles fit inside; don’t want the volume to increase faster than the surface area or will burst 18. cell is smallest unit of organization to make up living organisms; cells only come from other cells 19. a. cell is basic unit of life b. cells come from other cells c. cells make up all living organisms 20. cell membranes are selectively permeable; protect cell; allow materials to enter/exit the cell; is a phospholipid bilayer 21. bilayer is made up polar heads and nonpolar tails with proteins embedded in the membrane to allow for transport across the bilayer 22. false….polar heads, nonpolar tails 23. allows only SOME substances to pass through 24. they allow for substances to pass through; can be marker proteins, channel proteins or transport proteins 25. want SA to be small 26. pro means NO nucleus; euk DO have a nucleus 27. smallest cell part…. 28. highway system for transport 29. Golgi (like the post office) 30. mitochondria 31. ribosomes 32. storage unit…is bigger in plants 33. digests unwanted cell material (like Lysol or vacuum) 34. look at pics 35. plants have chloroplasts, cell wall and large vacuole 36. diffusion is movement from high to low concentration; osmosis is movement of WATER from high to low; are BOTH passive transport though 37. active requires energy b/c it goes from low to high concentration (uphill); passive requires no energy (downhill from high to low) 38. it wraps around proteins to become more compact 39. to code for traits; direct cell activities 40. what connects the middle part of a duplicated chromosome 41. 46 (23 pairs) 42. in Body cells = 2n = double number 43. in sex cells = n = number of chromosomes in sperm or eggs 44. your body cells have been copied for growth (the cell cycle is cell division….get it?? 45. Sex cells= gametes = sperm or eggs 46. G1, S, G2 are interphase, PMAT is mitosis, cytokinesis 47. G1, S, G2 48. PMAT 49. A picture of chromosomes that is frozen in metaphase…we did the lab with magnets to see if your person had 46 (normal), 47 (trisomy), 45 (monosomy) 50. 46 in autosomes, you have 2 sex chromosomes = XX is girl, XY is boy 51. XX is girl, XY is boy 52. Division 53. Look at your Mitosis Flip book and fold outs in your learning log 54. true 55. the exchange of DNA segments; occurs in Prophase I in meiosis 56. because each time sperm fertilizes egg, a new combination occurs because there can be up to 10 cross overs each time a zygote is formed 57. true 58. T, masks the recessive when Tt 59. t, is hidden unless tt 60. homo = same (AA, aa= both capitals…are same), hetero = different (Aa…one upper, one lower….are different) 61. geno = genetic make up of organism (AA, Aa or aa); phenotype is the physical appearance (what the letters stand for, what the letters mean = tall, short, pink purple…remember I can SEE your phenotype…not your genotype) 62. Codominance is when 2 or more alleles are expressed like in Blood typing b/c it can be AA, AO, BB, BO, AB or OO or when an animal is striped, roan, spots 63. Incomplete dominance is when traits blend together…..red times white = pink 64. Genetics/Heredity, Mendel 65. Parental, F1, F2 66. Purebred, self, 3:1 67. Segregation 68. Allele 69. T, t 70. TT, tt, Tt 71. Genetic 72. Physical. I can see your phenotype…not your genotype 73. Genetics and environment 74. 1 75. 1:2:1, 3:1 76. Blend 77. Both 78. Males because only need one X to get it (XY) 79. Colorblind, hemophilia, ALD in Lorenzo 80. XcY 81. XCXc 82. AA, AO BB, BO AB OO 83. 2, 16 84. Segregation and independent assortment 85. A family tree with boxes and circles, square, circle, half shaded circle, square shaded in 86. 1:2:1 87. 3:1 88. 9:3:3:1 89. Separate, A, a 90. Review p65-68 in binder for Punnett Examples