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Name: _______________________________________________ B3 6 Mark Questions Date: Time: Total marks available: Total marks achieved: ______ Questions Q1. * Explain the role of ADH in regulating the water content of the blood. 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Q2. * Cells containing the toxin gene produce a chemical that kills insects. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of introducing the toxin gene into crop plants. 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(Total for question = 6 marks) Q3. * Describe how Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used to create transgenic plants. 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Q4. * Animals communicate in order to survive and during courtship. Explain why animals use a variety of signals to communicate. Use examples to support your answer. 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Q5. Flatworms are animals that live in freshwater streams. 20 flatworms were placed in the centre of a tray containing water. The tray had black and white squares painted on the bottom. The diagram shows the position of the flatworms one hour later. (a) (i) Calculate the percentage of flatworms found on the black squares. (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .% (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The type of behaviour shown by the flatworms is (1) A conditioning B habituation C imprinting D innate (iii) Suggest why this behaviour may help flatworms survive in the streams where they live. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(b) Animals communicate in order to survive and during courtship. Explain why animals use a variety of signals to communicate. Use examples to support your answer. 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(Total for Question = 12 marks) Q6. * Many fossils of early humans have been discovered in Africa, including Lucy from 3.2 million years ago. Leakey found many early human fossils in Africa from 1.6 million years ago. Describe how Leakey used the fossils and surrounding environment to reach the conclusion that his fossils were from a species more recent than Lucy. 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(Total for question = 6 marks) Q7. * Robert Koch knew about the work of Edward Jenner (1745–1823) and Louis Pasteur (1822–1895). Describe the work of Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur. (6) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 6 marks) Q8. (a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Sperm cells and egg cells contain sex chromosomes. Egg cells contain (1) A one X chromosome B one Y chromosome C two X chromosomes D two Y chromosomes (b) (i) Complete the Punnett square to show how the sex of a child is inherited. (2) (ii) Calculate the percentage chance that a child will be female. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. *(c) The diagram shows the level of two hormones involved in the menstrual cycle and the thickness of the uterus lining. Using the information in the diagram and your own knowledge, describe the stages of the menstrual cycle. 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(d) Explain what happens to the uterus lining if a woman becomes pregnant. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question = 12 marks) Q9. Enzyme technology The diagram shows how the human insulin gene can be used to genetically modify bacteria. (a) (i) Name the enzyme used to join the insulin gene to the plasmid. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Suggest why the same restriction enzyme was used to cut the human chromosome and the plasmid. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. *(b) Enzyme technology can be used in the production of foods including sweets, vegetarian cheese and lactose-free milk. Describe how enzyme technology can be used to produce these food products. 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(c) Washing powders can be biological or non-biological. Describe how biological washing powders can make clothes cleaner than nonbiological washing powders. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 11 marks) Q10. * Yogurt can be produced by adding a starter culture of microorganisms to milk. The starter culture was added to milk kept at 20°C. The pH was recorded over 10 hours. This was repeated with milk kept at 40°C and 60°C. The graph shows the results. Using the information in the graph, explain how temperature affects the fermentation process during yogurt production. 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Q11. * Fermenters are used to grow microorganisms. Explain how optimum conditions for the growth of microorganisms are controlled in a fermenter. 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Q12. (a) Purple tomatoes are transgenic plants that have been produced by genetic engineering. (i) As a result of genetic modification, these tomatoes produce a new substance which has health benefits and turns the tomatoes purple. Name this substance. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) What is inserted into the DNA of another plant to make it transgenic? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A a gene from another species B a gene from the same species C chromosomes from the same species D proteins from another species *(b) Describe how Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used to create transgenic plants. 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(c) Bacillus thuringiensis contains a gene that codes for a toxin. Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of introducing this gene into crop plants. 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(Total for Question = 12 marks) Q13. * Explain how the development of new plant varieties, the genetic modification of plants and the successful management of pests can be used to increase food production. 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Q14. Human evolution (a) The diagram shows the estimated time when early humans and their ancestors existed. (i) In which time period did Australopithecus afarensis exist? Place a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A present day to 1 million years before present B 1 to 2 million years before present C 2 to 3 million years before present D 3 to 4 million years before present The photograph shows the skulls of two different early humans. (ii) Suggest why the cranium of Australopithecus afarensis is smaller than the cranium of Homo erectus. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Describe one structural difference in another part of these skulls. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) The photograph shows some stone tools from different times in the Earth's history. Suggest why there are differences in these stone tools. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. *(c) Describe the evidence for human evolution, based on fossils. Include reference to specific early human fossils in your answer. 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(Total for question = 11 marks) Q15. The diagram shows a nephron from a human kidney. (i) Name the parts labelled P, Q and R. (3) P .......................................................................................................................................... Q .......................................................................................................................................... R .......................................................................................................................................... *(ii) Explain how the structures that make up the nephron are related to its function. 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(Total for question = 9 marks) Q16. Kidneys and disease Kidney disease can be treated by kidney dialysis or kidney donation. The diagram shows the human urinary system. (a) Draw one straight line from each part of the urinary system to its function. (2) (b) Kidney dialysis removes harmful chemicals from a patient's blood. Urea is one chemical that is removed from a patient's blood. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Urea is produced in the ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A bladder B gall bladder C liver D pancreas (c) In one year a total of 3600 kidney donations took place. A third of kidney donations are from donors who are still living. (i) Calculate the number of kidneys donated by donors who are still living. (2) ........................................................... (ii) Suggest why kidney donations from people who are still living are more common than other organ donations. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. *(d) Haemophilia is a sex-linked genetic disorder of the blood. The allele for haemophilia is recessive and is located on the X chromosome. A female heterozygous for haemophilia and an unaffected male have children. Use a genetic diagram to help explain what the genotypes and phenotypes of their children could be. Use the letter h for the haemophilia allele. 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(Total for question = 12 marks) Q17. * The diagram shows some of the stages in the production of yogurt. Describe these stages in the production of yogurt. In your answer include references to microorganisms. 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Q18. * The diagram shows the level of two hormones involved in the menstrual cycle and the thickness of the uterus lining. Using the information in the diagram and your own knowledge, describe the stages of the menstrual cycle. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Mark Scheme Q1. Q2. Q3. QWC * Indicative Content Mark A description including some of the following points genetic modification transferring a gene from one organism to another restriction enzymes to cut the gene out (6) plasmids used to carry gene sticky ends to join complementary bases ligase to join the DNAuse of Agrobacterium Agrobacterium is a vector (for the gene) the Agrobacterium has a suitable gene added to it example of a suitable gene eg drought resistance / insect resistance / larger yield / for flavonoids Agrobacterium naturally invades plant cells its DNA is incorporated into the plant's DNAproduction of plants plant sprayed with Agrobacterium crown gall (formed) crown gall is cut into small pieces leaf discs are incubated with Agrobacterium Level 1 0 1-2 (crown gall tissue / leaf discs) grown in tissue culture explants grown into crops No rewardable content a limited description of at least one of the areas involved in creating transgenic plants. Steps may be missing or out of sequence. the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description of at least two of the areas involved in creating transgenic plants or a detailed description of one area involved in creating transgenic plants the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description of the genetic modification, use and production of transgenic plants. Steps should be in sequence. the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q4. Indicative Content QWC Level 1 * 0 1-2 Mark An explanation including some of the following points Sound signals to attract a mate to warn about predators to scare predators away/other animals to locate young/parents to establish territory to maintain social groupsVisual signals to attract a mate to scare off other animals to show emotions feeding of youngChemical signals to attract a mate to scare off other animals (6) to mark territory No rewardable content a limited description of at least one type of signal OR one use of signal animals use to communicate the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description of at least two types of signals animals use to communicate OR a detailed description of one using an example the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description of at least two different types of signals animals use to communicate with examples the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q5. Answer (a) (i) (a)(ii) (a) (iii) 12 (1) 12/20 (1) 60 (%) D innate A suggestion including any two from flatworms are a similar colour as darker rocks (1) so are camouflaged (1) less likely to be seen (by predators) (1) Acceptable answers 3 marks for correct bald answer Level *(b) 0 (3) (1) accept less likely to be eaten (2) Indicative Content QWC Mark Mark An explanation including some of the following points Sound signals to attract a mate to warn about predators to scare predators away/other animals to locate young/parents to establish territory to maintain social groupsVisual signals to attract a mate to scare off other animals to show emotions feeding of youngChemical signals to attract a mate to scare off other animals (6) to mark territory No rewardable content 1 1-2 a limited description of at least one type of signal OR one use of signal animals use to communicate the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description of at least two types of signals animals use to communicate OR a detailed description of one using an example the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description of at least two different types of signals animals use to communicate with examples the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q6. Q7. Q8. Answer (a) (b)(i) Acceptable answers A one X chromosome correct gametes (1) correct offspring (1) (1) Please note: XY or YX are both correct. The letters can be written in either order. letters can be upper or lower case. female offspring must be shown as XX and not a single large X ecf – If the gametes are reversed then the Punnett square must be completed correctly and show the valid offspring genotypes, two XX and two XY. (b)(ii) QWC 50(%) *(c) Mark (2) (1) Indicative Content Mark A description including some of the following points: Uterus lining menstruation occurs between day 1 and 5/6 this is when the lining of the uterus is shed the lining of the uterus is then built back up at day 14 ovulation occurs the lining of the uterus is maintained/thickene d to prepare for a fertilised ovum (6) Level 1 0 1-2 if the ovum is not fertilised the cycle starts againHormones involved oestrogen levels are low in the early part of the cycle oestrogen levels increase prior to ovulation after ovulation oestrogen levels drop the oestrogen levels remain higher than before ovulation from day 1 – 14 progesterone levels are low progesterone levels rise after ovulation hormone levels drop if the ovum is not fertilised No rewardable content a limited description of the changes in the lining of the uterus wall OR the hormone levels over the 28 day period the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description of the changes in the lining of the uterus wall AND a mention of the role of least one of the hormones the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description of the changes in the lining of the uterus wall AND the role of hormones related to ovulation or uterus lining thickness the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Answer (d) An explanation linking two of the following uterus wall maintained/thickene d (1) progesterone levels remain high/increase(1) Acceptable answers Mark accept to provide a place for the fertilised egg/embryo/fetus to develop (2) Q9. Q10. Q11. Indicative Content QWC * Mark An explanation including some of the following points: water (cooling) jacket temperature probe to maintain an optimum temperature inlet pipes for nutrients eg ammonia to supply microorganism with food source eg materials to make proteins oxygen pumped in for aerobic microorganisms or aerobic respiration carbon dioxide removed pH probe alkali added to raise pH maintain optimum pH paddles to evenly distribute nutrients, oxygen and break up clumps of microorganisms Level 1 0 1-2 aseptic conditions to prevent contamination of the fermenter reduce (6) competition No rewardable content a limited explanation which includes one feature of a fermenter with its justification, or two features of a fermenter or two justifications the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple explanation which includes at least two features of the fermenter with justification for their use the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed explanation which includes at least four features of the fermenter with justification for their use the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q12. Answer (a) (i) (a) (ii) QWC flavonoids / bioflavonoids Acceptable answers anthocyanins antioxidants A a gene from another species *(b) Mark (1) (1) Indicative Content Mark A description including some of the following points genetic modification transferring a gene from one organism to another restriction enzymes to cut the gene out plasmids used to carry gene sticky ends to join complementary bases ligase to join the DNAuse of Agrobacterium Agrobacterium is a vector (for the gene) the Agrobacterium has a suitable gene added to it example of a suitable gene eg drought resistance / insect resistance / larger yield / for flavonoids Agrobacterium naturally invades plant cells its DNA is incorporated into the plant's DNAproduction of plants plant sprayed with Agrobacterium crown gall (formed) crown gall is cut into small pieces (6) leaf discs are incubated with Agrobacterium Level 1 0 1-2 (crown gall tissue / leaf discs) grown in tissue culture explants grown into crops No rewardable content a limited description of at least one of the areas involved in creating transgenic plants. Steps may be missing or out of sequence. the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description of at least two of the areas involved in creating transgenic plants or a detailed description of one area involved in creating transgenic plants the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description of the genetic modification, use and production of transgenic plants. Steps should be in sequence. the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Answer (c) An explanation of one advantage for two marks crop produces a toxin that kills insects (that eat plant)(1) so less damage by insect / increased crop yield (1) less man-made chemicals used / specific to pests / Acceptable answers accept references to ICP accept does not kill other insects Mark (4) less pollution (1)An explanation of one disadvantage for two marks cross pollination / fertilisation with other plants (species) (1) producing weeds that contain the toxin(1) non target organisms may be affected (1)OR idea of large areas of monocultures (1) reduction in insect numbers / biodiversity (1) negative impact on food chains (1)OR GM crops cost more (1) Farmers cannot afford them / become reliant on them (1) Q13. Q14. Q15. Q16. Q17. Q18. Indicative Content QWC Level 1 * 0 1-2 Mark A description including some of the following points: Uterus lining menstruation occurs between day 1 and 5/6 this is when the lining of the uterus is shed the lining of the uterus is then built back up at day 14 ovulation occurs the lining of the uterus is maintained/thickene d to prepare for a fertilised ovum if the ovum is not fertilised the cycle starts againHormones involved oestrogen levels are low in the early part of the cycle oestrogen levels increase prior to ovulation after ovulation oestrogen levels drop the oestrogen levels remain higher than before ovulation from day 1 – 14 progesterone levels are low progesterone levels rise after ovulation hormone levels drop if the ovum is (6) not fertilised No rewardable content a limited description of the changes in the lining of the uterus wall OR the hormone levels over the 28 day period the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description of the changes in the lining of the uterus wall AND a mention of the role of least one of the hormones the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description of the changes in the lining of the uterus wall AND the role of hormones related to ovulation or uterus lining thickness the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors