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Protein Unit Study Guide/Review Sheets You should begin studying now for your test on Thursday! If you have questions, make sure to ask them. Stop in before or after school. Review questions: 1. What elements comprise proteins? C, H, O, N 2. Are proteins organic? YES – CONTAIN CARBON AND HYDROGEN, THE REQUIREMENT FOR BEING AN ORGANIC MOLECULE 3. What is the name of the monomer of proteins? AMINO ACID 4. What type of bond links amino acids together? PEPTIDE BONDS 5. What group on an amino acid differentiates it from, for example, a carbohydrate? AMINO GROUP (NH2) 6. Is the group from question #5 the same or different on each amino acid? THE SAME – ALL AMINO ACIDS HAVE AN AMINO GROUP 7. How many standard amino acids are there? 20 8. How many (of the standard amino acids) can our bodies synthesize? 11 9. What are the amino acids that our body can synthesize named? NONESSENTIAL 10. How many (of the standard amino acids) can’t our bodies synthesize? 9 11. What are the amino acids that our body can’t synthesize named? ESSENTIAL 12. If our bodies can’t synthesize certain amino acids, where do we get them from? OUR DIET (FOOD) 13. Why is it important that we have all of the twenty amino acids? IF YOU DID NOT HAVE ALL THE BUILDING BLOCKS NEEDED TO MAKE PROTEINS YOU, YOU WOULDN’T BE ABLE TO MAKE CERTAIN PROTEINS; FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU DIDN’T HAVE AMINO ACID #6, YOU COULDN’T MAKE ANY OF THE PROTEINS THAT CONTAIN AMINO ACIDS #6 14. What group on an amino acid differentiates it from the next amino acid? (What is different between each of the 20 standard amino acids?) R GROUP; THE R GROUP IS DIFFERENT ON EACH AMINO ACID; THERE ARE 20 DIFFERENT R GROUPS 15. What neutral molecule is formed when amino acids bonds together? WATER 16. What is the name of a molecule that has two amino acids linked together? DIPEPTIDE 17. What are the names of a molecule that has 100 amino acids linked together (two answers)? POLYPEPTIDE, PROTEIN 18. Explain how three different proteins can be composed of 50 amino acids. THERE ARE A COUPLE WAYS: SAME AMINO ACIDS, 3 DIFFERENT ORDERS DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS 19. What makes a protein complete? A PROTEIN IS COMPLETE IF IT CONTAINS ALL OF THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS 20. What are food sources of complete proteins? ANIMAL PRODUCTS; MEAT, MILK 21. What makes a protein incomplete? A PROTEIN IS INCOMPLETE IF IT DOES NOT CONTAIN ALL OF THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS 22. List food sources of incomplete proteins. VEGETABLES 23. How can a vegetarian get all the amino acids that they need? BY EATING SEVERAL TYPES OF INCOMPLETE PROTEINS, THEY WILL BE ABLE TO GET ALL OF THE AMINO ACIDS THEY NEED; EACH PROTEIN IS INCOMPLETE FOR SOME OF THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ONLY IF 1 INCOMPLETE PROTEIN HAS 8 OF THE 9 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS AND ANOTHER HAS THE 1 AMINO ACID THAT THE 1 FIRST PROTEIN DOESN’T, TOGETHER, A PERSON GETS ALL OF THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS 24. Define enzyme. SPECIALIZED PROTEINS THAT CATALYZE BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS 25. Define activation energy. THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY NEEDED FOR A CHEMICAL REACTION TO OCCUR. 26. Describe specifically how enzymes speed up chemical reactions that otherwise would not occur. ENZYMES LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGY, SO IT IS REACHED QUICKER, AND THE REACTION CONCEQUENTLY HAPPENS FASTER 27. Why is an enzyme’s shape so important? Explain the “lock and key” model. EACH ENZYME ONLY CATALYZES ONE SPECIFIC REACTION; FOR EXAMPLE CATALASE ONLY CATALYZES THE REACTION H202 H2O + O2; THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENZYME, CATALASE, MUST FIT THE STRUCTURE OF THE SUBSTRATE, H2O2, PERFECTLY OR THE REACTION CANNOT BE CATALYZED AND WILL NOT HAPPEN; THIS “FITTING” IS REFERRED TO AS THE LOCK AND KEY (ENZYMESUBSTRATE COMPLEX) 28. Are enzymes reusable? YES 29. Why must enzymes be reusable? SINCE THEY ARE REQUIRED FOR ALMOST EVERY BIOCHEMICAL REACTION IN LIVING ORGANISMS, IT WOULD SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE TO POWER THE PRODUCTION OF A NEW ENZYME EVERY TIME IT IS NEEDED 30. Do enzymes get used up in chemical reactions? NO 31. Relate your answers for questions #27-29. ENZYMES ARE REUSABLE BECAUSE LIVING ORGANISMS SIMPLY COULD NOT MAKE ENOUGH ENZYMES TO CATALYZE REACTIONS IF THEY ONE USE ONLY; SINCE THEY ARE REUSUABLE, IT IS INHERANT THAT THEY ARE NOT USED UP IN CHEMICAL REACTION; IF THEY WERE USED UP, THEY COULDN’T BE REUSED!! 32. Are enzymes a reactant, product, or neither of a chemical reaction? NEITHER. THEY ARE NOT PART OF THE CHEMICAL REACTION, THEY JUST MAKE THE CHEMICAL REACTION HAPPEN FASTER 33. Label this chemical equation with the words reactant(s), product(s), and substrate(s) A+B+C+DE+F A,B,C,D ARE REACTANTS; THEY ARE ALSO THE SUBSTRATES, WHAT ENZYMES ACT UPON; E AND F ARE PRODUCTS; THEY ARE PRODUCED DURING THIS CHEMICAL REACTION; THE POINT OF THE ARROW IS ALWAYS POINTING TOWARDS THE PRODUCTS, ILLUSTRATING THE REACTANTS ARE CHANGED INTO PRODUCTS 34. Can proteins provide energy? YES, 4 KCALS/GRAM 35. Explain why proteins are generally not used as a source of energy. PROTEINS HAVE SO MANY VARIOUS VITAL ROLES THAT IT IS NOT FAVORABLE TO USE THEM FOR ENERGY 36. How do proteins protect you from illness? SOME PROTEINS FUNCTION AS ANTIBODIES, WHICH “MARK” FOREIGN INVADERS (BACTERIA, VIRUSES) FOR DESTRUCTION 37. How are proteins involved in letting your body know what to do and when to do it? SOME PROTEINS ARE HORMONES; HORMONES SIGNAL ANOTHER PART OF YOUR BODY TO DO SOMETHING, MAKE SOMETHING, ETC. 38. How are proteins involved in, for example, getting oxygen to your cells? SOME PROTEINS FUCTION AS TRANSPORTERS AROUND YOUR BODY (LIKE HEMOGLOBIN DELIVERING OXYGEN TO YOUR CELLS); SOME PROTEINS FUNCTION AS TRANSPORTERS FROM THE OUTSIDE OF A CELL OR MEMBRANE TO THE INSIDE OF A CELL OR MEMBRANE (LIKE ATP SYNTHASE LETTING H+ IONS THROUGH THE MEMBRANE DURING CHEMIOSMOSIS) 2 39. What structural role do proteins fulfill? PROTEINS FORM HAIR, NAILS, MUSCLES, TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS 40. Explain what this graph is demonstrating: THE RATE OF REACTION INCREASES AS SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION INCREASES 41. Explain what this graph is demonstrating: THE RATE OF REACTION INCREASES AS ENZYME CONCENTRATION INCREASES (REFER TO GRAPH FROM #41) 42. What will happen to the rate of an enzyme reaction as the concentration of substrate is increased from zero? E. IT WILL INCREASE, THEN LEVEL OFF (REFER TO GRAPH FROM #40) 43. Explain what happens to this enzyme’s activity at 55 degrees AND WHY: THE ENZYME STOPS WORKING BECAUSE IT IS TOO FAR AWAY FROM ITS OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE OF 40; IT MAY BE DENATURED, WHICH MEANS ITS SHAPE HAS BEEN CHANGED; SINCE ENZYME FUNCTION DEPENDS SO MUCH ON SHAPE, IF ITS SHAPE IS CHANGED, IT CAN’T FUNCTION (SEE QUESTION #27) 44. What will happen to the rate of an enzyme reaction as it is heated from very cold (near freezing) to very hot (near boiling)? B. IT WILL INCREASE, THEN DECREASE (REFER TO GRAPH FROM #43) 45. At which pH do enzymes function best? E. THE OPTIMAL PH DEPENDS ON THE PARTICULAR ENZYME. 46. Catalase catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 to 2H2O + O2. When you did this experiment, how could you tell that a reaction was occurring? BUBBLES SIGNALED THAT PRODUCTS WERE BEING FORMED (OXYGEN) 47. What is/are the substrate(s) in the reaction from #44? HYDROGEN PEROXIDE H2O2 48. What is/are the product(s) in the reaction from #44? OXYGEN AND WATER 49. What is the purpose of this enzyme in living tissue? TO BREAK DOWN POISONOUS H202 TO HARMLESS WATER AND OXYGEN 3