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The Crusades AD 1095-1290s ESSENTIAL QUESTION WHAT WERE THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES? CAN THE IMPACT OF THE CRUSADES STILL BE SEEN TODAY? Periods of Byzantine Empire Islamic expansion The First Crusade • Background: –Causes: • Byzantine Emperor asked Pope for help to stop Muslim advance –Byzantine empire lost half its land to Muslim armies by 1071 • Holy Land closed to Christian pilgrims(person who goes on a religious journey) by Islamic empire • Desire to Free eastern Christians from Islamic Empire • Desire to Keep Europe Christian CRUSADES – Definition: • Crusades: Holy War – The Two Sides: • Christians from Europe • Muslim Turks from Middle East The Crusades • The Crusades were an attempt by the European Church to “reclaim the Holy Land” • Jerusalem had been conquered by Arabs around 640 AD • 1095 Pope Urban called for first Crusade The First Crusade • Two Groups went to fight the 1st Crusade: – People’s Crusade: 1096 • Made up of untrained and illiterate mostly peasants with some knights. • Lacked military discipline and knowledge and were massacred in Asia Minor by the Turks. • Main Crusader Armies: – Left Europe in Aug 1096. – Gathered in Constantinople in Nov. – 30-35,000 crusaders The First Crusade • Siege of Jerusalem 1099 – 7 June Crusaders reached Jerusalem. – Only about 12000 crusaders remained. – Crusaders attacked and conquered the city. – killed a lot of people. – First Crusade was a success for Crusaders. Aftermath • Victory in 1st Crusade was short lived. – Within 50 years, Muslim armies reconquered Jerusalem • The 1st Crusade would be the only victory for the European Christian armies. • Succeeding crusades failed to win any territory. The Crusades Conclusion • At Least 8 Crusades • Effects of Crusades: – Increased dislike among Jews, Christians and Muslims – Pope and lords lost power – Kings gained Power – Trade with Asia and Middle East reborn – Interest in exploration