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The Crusades
AD 1095-1290s
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
WHAT WERE THE CAUSES AND
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES? CAN
THE IMPACT OF THE CRUSADES
STILL BE SEEN TODAY?
Periods of Byzantine Empire
Islamic expansion
The First Crusade
• Background:
–Causes:
• Byzantine Emperor asked Pope for help to
stop Muslim advance
–Byzantine empire lost half its land to
Muslim armies by 1071
• Holy Land closed to Christian
pilgrims(person who goes on a religious
journey) by Islamic empire
• Desire to Free eastern Christians from
Islamic Empire
• Desire to Keep Europe Christian
CRUSADES
– Definition:
• Crusades: Holy War
– The Two Sides:
• Christians from Europe
• Muslim Turks from Middle East
The Crusades
• The Crusades were an
attempt by the
European Church to
“reclaim the Holy
Land”
• Jerusalem had been
conquered by Arabs
around 640 AD
• 1095 Pope Urban
called for first Crusade
The First Crusade
• Two Groups went to fight the 1st Crusade:
– People’s Crusade: 1096
• Made up of untrained and illiterate mostly peasants with
some knights.
• Lacked military discipline and knowledge and were
massacred in Asia Minor by the Turks.
• Main Crusader Armies:
– Left Europe in Aug 1096.
– Gathered in Constantinople in Nov.
– 30-35,000 crusaders
The First Crusade
• Siege of Jerusalem 1099
– 7 June Crusaders reached Jerusalem.
– Only about 12000 crusaders remained.
– Crusaders attacked and conquered the city.
– killed a lot of people.
– First Crusade was a success for Crusaders.
Aftermath
• Victory in 1st Crusade was short lived.
– Within 50 years, Muslim armies reconquered Jerusalem
• The 1st Crusade would be the only
victory for the European Christian
armies.
• Succeeding crusades failed to win any
territory.
The Crusades Conclusion
• At Least 8 Crusades
• Effects of Crusades:
– Increased dislike among Jews, Christians
and Muslims
– Pope and lords lost power
– Kings gained Power
– Trade with Asia and Middle East reborn
– Interest in exploration