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BIOL260
Final Exam Study GuideChapter 8: Last few pages (p200-212)Transfer of DNA
1. What are the three ways to transfer genetic material?
2. Define: donor cell, recipient cell, homologous recombination, competent cell, F+ and
F- cells.
3. What do transformation, conjugation, and transduction have in common? What is
different?
4. What do you need to have transformation occur? What about conjugation? What
about transduction?
5. Understand conjugation between the following cells: F+ and F-.
6. What is the definition of the following terms: F(+), F’, Hfr, and F(-). Which are able
to participate in conjugation?
7. Explain the two types of transduction. How are they different? How are they similar?
8. What type of virus is necessary for generalized transduction? For specialized
transduction?
9. What is meant by the term mobilome?
10. What are transposons? What are insertion sequences?
11. What are R plasmids? What genes are found on plasmids that allow them to be
transferred to other organisms?
Chapter 20: Antibiotics
1. How did the following people contribute to antibiotics-Erlich, Fleming, and Chain and
Florey.
2. Where do antibiotics come from? What types of microbes produce the majority of
antibiotics?
3. What does selective toxicity mean? What are some targets for selective toxicity?
4. What is a broad spectrum antibiotic? What is a narrow spectrum?
5. What does bactericidal mean? What does bacteriostatic mean?
6. What are some problems with broad spectrum antibiotics?
7. How does penicillin work? How do the sulfonamides work?
8. What is the difference between penicillin G and penicillin V? What portion of the
drug is retained in all new versions of penicillin derived antibiotics?
9. What is meant by natural penicillins? What is meant by semi-synthetic penicillins?
10. What is the function of penicillinases and Beta-lactamases?
11. What is MRSA? How did the patient with the foot ulcer develop Vancomycin
resistant Staphylococcus aureus?
11. What is the drug target of trimethoprim and sulfonamide? Why is trimethoprim
combined with sulfamethoxazole an example of drug synergism?
12. Review the drugs mentioned in class that are able to inhibit cell wall synthesis such as
the penicillins and vancomycin.
13. Review the drugs mentioned in class that inhibit protein synthesis focus on the
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and macrolides (azithromycin).
14. Review the drugs mentioned in class that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, such as the
drug ciprofloxacin.
15. How do organisms develop resistance to antibiotics?
16. Will antibiotics cure the common cold?
17. How can you test for antibiotic resistance of bacteria?
18. What are some mechanisms that bacteria have evolved for resistance?
19. What are examples of emerging resistance seen in Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Chapter 14: Innate Immune
1. What are the first and second lines of defense of nonspecific host mechanisms?
2. How does the nonspecific defense system differ from the specific defense system?
3. Know examples of the different barriers in the non-specific defense.
4. What is the role of normal microbiota (flora) in the non-specific defense?
5. Know the function of the key leukocytes in the blood which are important in the
innate immune response, including the dendritic cells.
6. Which cells are considered phagocytic? How do phagocytes work to eliminate foreign
material? What are some mechanisms that microbes use to evade phagocytosis?
7. How do cells communicate with each other? What is the role of cytokines, Toll-like
receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-like receptors, Complement proteins, and
interferons?
8. Know how inflammation promotes a response to eliminate bacteria. What are the steps
in the process? What is diapedesis?
9. What are the three outcomes from complement activation?
10. What major protein in the complement cascade is key to activating the rest of the
proteins? What are the three ways in which complement proteins are activated?
11. Why is the fever response beneficial to eliminating a bacterial infection?
Chapter 15: Adaptive Immune Response
1. What are unique properties of the immune system? What are primary lymphoid organs
and secondary lymphoid organs?
2. Understand MHC Class I and MHC Class II markers. How are they synthesized?
Where are they found?
3. Know which cell make antibodies and how they are activated to make them. Know
what types of invaders these cells are most effective in protecting the body.
4. Know which cells kill infected host cells. Know what types of infections, etc. these
cell are most effective in eliminating. How do these cells help the antibody
producing cells?
5. Know the different types of T-cells and their function. What is the role of T cell
receptors? What function do Natural Killer cells play in the immune system?
6. Know the general structure of antibodies, how do they bind antigen?
7. Know the general characteristics of the five different classes of antibodies. Which
antibody appears first in response to an antigen, which appears second? Which
antibodies can cross the placenta? What is the function of antibodies, or rather what
happens when antibody binds antigen?
8. What role do dendritic cells and macrophages play in the immune response?
9. Know how the immune system responds to a bacterial infection. Which cells are
involved?
10. Know how the immune system responds to a viral infection. Which cells are
involved?
11. What is meant by the terms adaptive immunity, naturally acquired active immunity,
naturally acquired passive immunity, artificially acquired active immunity, and
artificially acquired passive immunity.
12. What is meant by immunological memory?