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Reading Outline Chapter 6.1
Chapter 6.1: The Romans Create a Republic (pgs. 141 – 145)
1. The Beginnings of Rome
 According to Roman legend, the city was founded in ______________B.C.E. by ___________
and ____________, twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess. The twins were abandoned
on the ___________ River and raised by a she-wolf. They decided to build a city near the spot.
In reality, Rome was developed because of its strategic location and its ________________
______________.

The earliest settlers on the ______________________ peninsula arrived in
____________________ times. From about 1000 to 500 B.C.E., three groups inhabited the
region. They were the __________, the ________, and the _____________.

The _____________ were farmers and shepherds who wandered into Italy across the Alps around
1000 B.C.E. They settled on either side of the _____________ River in a region they called
___________. They built the original settlement at Rome, a cluster of wooden huts atop one of its
seven hills, ________________ Hill. These settlers were the first Romans.

Between 750 and 600 B.C.E., Greek settlers established about _____ colonies on the coasts of
__________ and _____________. The cities became prosperous and commercially
_____________. They brought all of Italy, including Rome, into closer contact with
______________ civilization. The Greeks also taught the Romans how to grow grapes and olives.

The Romans adopted __________________ rituals that they believed helped them to win the
favor of the gods. Roman gods even took on the personalities and legends of the Greek gods.
Romans however, gave their gods different names. Thus Zues, the king of the Greek gods,
became _________________ in Rome, and Hera, the queen of the gods became _____________.
Who were the first Romans? Where did they originally settle? Why do you think they choose
that location to settle?
2.
The Early Republic

Around 600 B.C.E., an Etruscan became king. However, Rome was not controlled by the
_________________ cities. Under its Etruscan kings, Rome grew from a collection of hilltop
villages to a city that covered nearly ___________ square miles. Various kings ordered the
construction of Rome’s first temples and ______________ __________________. By royal
order, the swampy valley below the Palatine Hill was drained, making a public meeting place.
Later it became the _____________, the heart of Roman political life.

In 509 B.C.E., the Romans drove out their last king, ____________the Proud. The Romans
declared they would never again be ____________ by a ____________. They swore to put to
death anyone who plotted to make himself king.

Having ____________the monarch, the Romans established a new ____________________.
They called it a ______________, from the Latin phrase res publica, which means “___________
_____________.” A republic is a form of government in which power rests with
______________ who have the right to ________ to select their leaders. In Rome, citizenship
with voting rights was only granted to free-born male citizens.
a) Patricians and Plebeians

In the early republic, different groups of Romans _______________ for power. One group
was the _________________, the aristocratic landowners who held most of the power. The
other important group was the _______________, the common farmers, artisans, and
merchants who made up the _________________ of the population.

The patricians inherited their power and ______________ ______________. They
claimed that their ancestry gave them the authority to make laws for Rome and its people.
The plebeians were citizen of Rome with the right to _____________.

The plebeians were _____________ by ___________ from holding most important
government positions. In time, the Senate allowed them to form their own assembly and
elect representatives called tribunes.
What are tribunes?
b) Twelve Tables

An important victory for the ____________ was to force the creation of a written
_________code. With laws unwritten, patrician officials often ______________ the law to
suit themselves. In ______B.C.E., a group of ten officials began writing down Rome’s
laws. The laws were carved on twelve tablets, or tables, and hung in the ______________.
The Twelve Tables became the basis for what? And what ideas did they establish?
c) Government Under the Republic

The Roman government had taken the best features of a ____________, an
__________________, and a _________________. In place of a king, Rome had two officials
called _____________. Like kings, they commanded the army and directed the government.

The senate was the _________________ branch of Rome’s government. It had both
_______________ and _____________________ functions in the republic. By tradition, there
were ________ members, chosen from the upper class of Roman society. Later,
______________ were allowed in the senate. Because membership was for life, the senate
provided continuity.

In times of crisis, the republic could appoint a ________________, a leader who had absolute
power to make laws and command the army. A dictator’s power only lasted six months.
Dictators were chosen by the consuls and elected by the senate.
How was the consuls power limited?
In detail describe the assemblies.
d) The Roman Army

All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the______________. To secure certain
public offices, ______ years of military service were required. Roman soldiers were organized
into large military units called legions. The Roman __________ was made up of some 5,000
heavily armed ___________ soldiers (infantry). A group of soldiers on______________
(cavalry) supported each legion.
3. Rome Spreads Its Power
a) Rome Conquers Italy

By the fourth century B.C.E., Rome dominated central _________. Then it suffered a major
defeat. In 390 B.C.E., the __________, a Celtic people from the Po River valley, sacked
Rome. But quickly regained control.

Rome had different laws and treatments for different parts of its conquered territory. The
neighboring Latins on the Tiber became __________ citizens of Rome. In territories farther
from Rome, conquered people were given all the rights of Roman citizenship except the
____________. All other conquered groups fell into the third category, allies of Rome.

Rome didn’t interfere with its allies, as long as they sent troops to the Roman ________ and
didn’t make ____________ of friendship with any other state.
b) Rome’s Commercial Network

Rome’s location gave it easy access to the _________________ of the lands ringing the
Mediterranean Sea. Roman merchants moved by land and by sea.

They traded ________ and ___________ ________ for a variety of foods, raw materials, and
manufactured goods from other lands.

The dominant city on the Mediterranean was Carthage, once a colony of ________________.
Carthage was located on a peninsula on the North African coast.
c) War with Carthage

In _________ B.C.E., Rome and Carthage went to war. This was the beginning of the long
struggle known as the ____________ ____________.

Between 264 and 146 B.C.E., Rome and Carthage fought _________ wars. The first, for
control of _____________ and the western Mediterranean, lasted 23 years. It ended in the
defeat of Carthage. With this win, Rome gained its first __________ overseas.

The Second Punic War began in _________ B.C.E. the mastermind behind the war was a 29
year-old Carthaginian general named _______________. Hannibal was a brilliant military
strategist who wanted to avenge Carthage’s earlier defeat.

By the time of the ___________ Punic War, Carthage was no longer a threat to Rome. Yet
some Romans remembered the devastation Carthage had brought to Italy and were
________________ by its return to prosperity. In 149 B.C.E., Rome laid siege to Carthage.
Describe Hannibal’s strategy. How did the Romans finally defeat Hannibal?
d) Rome Controls the Mediterranean

Rome’s victories in the Punic Wars gave it dominance over the western Mediterranean. The
Romans went on to conquer the ____________________ half. Rome took control of
________________, Greece, and parts of ____________.