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Name:______________ Reading Outline Chapter 6.1 Chapter 6.1: The Romans Create a Republic (pgs. 141 – 145) 1. The Beginnings of Rome According to Roman legend, the city was founded in ______________B.C.E. by ___________ and ____________, twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess. The twins were abandoned on the ___________ River and raised by a she-wolf. They decided to build a city near the spot. In reality, Rome was developed because of its strategic location and its ________________ ______________. The earliest settlers on the ______________________ peninsula arrived in ____________________ times. From about 1000 to 500 B.C.E., three groups inhabited the region. They were the __________, the ________, and the _____________. The _____________ were farmers and shepherds who wandered into Italy across the Alps around 1000 B.C.E. They settled on either side of the _____________ River in a region they called ___________. They built the original settlement at Rome, a cluster of wooden huts atop one of its seven hills, ________________ Hill. These settlers were the first Romans. Between 750 and 600 B.C.E., Greek settlers established about _____ colonies on the coasts of __________ and _____________. The cities became prosperous and commercially _____________. They brought all of Italy, including Rome, into closer contact with ______________ civilization. The Greeks also taught the Romans how to grow grapes and olives. The Romans adopted __________________ rituals that they believed helped them to win the favor of the gods. Roman gods even took on the personalities and legends of the Greek gods. Romans however, gave their gods different names. Thus Zues, the king of the Greek gods, became _________________ in Rome, and Hera, the queen of the gods became _____________. Who were the first Romans? Where did they originally settle? Why do you think they choose that location to settle? 2. The Early Republic Around 600 B.C.E., an Etruscan became king. However, Rome was not controlled by the _________________ cities. Under its Etruscan kings, Rome grew from a collection of hilltop villages to a city that covered nearly ___________ square miles. Various kings ordered the construction of Rome’s first temples and ______________ __________________. By royal order, the swampy valley below the Palatine Hill was drained, making a public meeting place. Later it became the _____________, the heart of Roman political life. In 509 B.C.E., the Romans drove out their last king, ____________the Proud. The Romans declared they would never again be ____________ by a ____________. They swore to put to death anyone who plotted to make himself king. Having ____________the monarch, the Romans established a new ____________________. They called it a ______________, from the Latin phrase res publica, which means “___________ _____________.” A republic is a form of government in which power rests with ______________ who have the right to ________ to select their leaders. In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was only granted to free-born male citizens. a) Patricians and Plebeians In the early republic, different groups of Romans _______________ for power. One group was the _________________, the aristocratic landowners who held most of the power. The other important group was the _______________, the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the _________________ of the population. The patricians inherited their power and ______________ ______________. They claimed that their ancestry gave them the authority to make laws for Rome and its people. The plebeians were citizen of Rome with the right to _____________. The plebeians were _____________ by ___________ from holding most important government positions. In time, the Senate allowed them to form their own assembly and elect representatives called tribunes. What are tribunes? b) Twelve Tables An important victory for the ____________ was to force the creation of a written _________code. With laws unwritten, patrician officials often ______________ the law to suit themselves. In ______B.C.E., a group of ten officials began writing down Rome’s laws. The laws were carved on twelve tablets, or tables, and hung in the ______________. The Twelve Tables became the basis for what? And what ideas did they establish? c) Government Under the Republic The Roman government had taken the best features of a ____________, an __________________, and a _________________. In place of a king, Rome had two officials called _____________. Like kings, they commanded the army and directed the government. The senate was the _________________ branch of Rome’s government. It had both _______________ and _____________________ functions in the republic. By tradition, there were ________ members, chosen from the upper class of Roman society. Later, ______________ were allowed in the senate. Because membership was for life, the senate provided continuity. In times of crisis, the republic could appoint a ________________, a leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army. A dictator’s power only lasted six months. Dictators were chosen by the consuls and elected by the senate. How was the consuls power limited? In detail describe the assemblies. d) The Roman Army All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the______________. To secure certain public offices, ______ years of military service were required. Roman soldiers were organized into large military units called legions. The Roman __________ was made up of some 5,000 heavily armed ___________ soldiers (infantry). A group of soldiers on______________ (cavalry) supported each legion. 3. Rome Spreads Its Power a) Rome Conquers Italy By the fourth century B.C.E., Rome dominated central _________. Then it suffered a major defeat. In 390 B.C.E., the __________, a Celtic people from the Po River valley, sacked Rome. But quickly regained control. Rome had different laws and treatments for different parts of its conquered territory. The neighboring Latins on the Tiber became __________ citizens of Rome. In territories farther from Rome, conquered people were given all the rights of Roman citizenship except the ____________. All other conquered groups fell into the third category, allies of Rome. Rome didn’t interfere with its allies, as long as they sent troops to the Roman ________ and didn’t make ____________ of friendship with any other state. b) Rome’s Commercial Network Rome’s location gave it easy access to the _________________ of the lands ringing the Mediterranean Sea. Roman merchants moved by land and by sea. They traded ________ and ___________ ________ for a variety of foods, raw materials, and manufactured goods from other lands. The dominant city on the Mediterranean was Carthage, once a colony of ________________. Carthage was located on a peninsula on the North African coast. c) War with Carthage In _________ B.C.E., Rome and Carthage went to war. This was the beginning of the long struggle known as the ____________ ____________. Between 264 and 146 B.C.E., Rome and Carthage fought _________ wars. The first, for control of _____________ and the western Mediterranean, lasted 23 years. It ended in the defeat of Carthage. With this win, Rome gained its first __________ overseas. The Second Punic War began in _________ B.C.E. the mastermind behind the war was a 29 year-old Carthaginian general named _______________. Hannibal was a brilliant military strategist who wanted to avenge Carthage’s earlier defeat. By the time of the ___________ Punic War, Carthage was no longer a threat to Rome. Yet some Romans remembered the devastation Carthage had brought to Italy and were ________________ by its return to prosperity. In 149 B.C.E., Rome laid siege to Carthage. Describe Hannibal’s strategy. How did the Romans finally defeat Hannibal? d) Rome Controls the Mediterranean Rome’s victories in the Punic Wars gave it dominance over the western Mediterranean. The Romans went on to conquer the ____________________ half. Rome took control of ________________, Greece, and parts of ____________.