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The Crusades
Agenda
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Review of Section 1 (Quiz Thursday)
Video
I. Causes
A.
B.
C.
D.
Seljuq Turks – took control of Palestine (Holy Land) –
modern-day Israel. Attacked Asia Minor and threatened
Constantinople.
Byzantine emperor begs Pope Urban II for help.
Pope Urban II – calls for a war to win back the Holy Land
(main goal for all the crusades).
People went for different reasons.
1.
Salvation
2.
Land/wealth
3.
Money (merchants)
4.
Adventure (fight)
II. The First Crusade
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
1096-1099 – Led by French and Italian Lords.
Crusaders marched to Palestine – difficult because of
extreme heat and lack of food/water.
Attacked/captured Antioch first.
Marched toward Jerusalem.
Seljuq Turks are unorganized and quarreled among
themselves.
Crusaders enter Jerusalem and kill Muslim and Jewish
inhabitants.
After capture of Jerusalem, Palestine is under European
control.
Muslims/Christians grow to respect each other and share
customs, clothing and food.
III. Other Crusades
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Second Crusade - 1146-1149 – Led by Louis VII (France)
and Conrad III (Germany)
Turks had taken back many of the cities.
Crusaders never made it to Jerusalem – defeated in
Damascus (Syria) – and returned home.
Third Crusade – 1189-1192 – “Kings Crusade” – led by
Frederick Barbarossa (HRE), Phillip II (France) and Richard I
(England).
Cause – Saladin had recaptured Jerusalem.
Barbarossa drowns, Phillip and Richard argue.
Richard goes to Jerusalem alone with his army and loses.
III. Other Crusades
H. Fourth Crusade - 1146-1149 – French knights and Venetians
(Italian city-state).
I. Pope Innocent III sends them.
J. French attack Christian city of Zadar (along the Adriatic
coast) – leads to their excommunication by the pope.
K. Crusaders attack/take over Constantinople – under
European control for 60 years.
L. Children’s Crusade (1212) – disaster. Young crusaders had
no training, equipment (weapons) or supplies (food). Those
that made it to France were tricked into boarding a slave
ship – never made it to the Holy Land.
M. 5 other failed crusades – Muslims finally capture Acre –
ending the Crusade era.
IV. Results
A.
B.
Only the first Crusade succeeded – Muslims control Palestine.
Weapons
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.
D.
Crossbow – powerful horizontally fired bow capable of penetrating
chain mail and plate armor.
Undermining walls (instead of trying to knock them down)
Improved catapults to fling rocks over walls.
Introduction to gunpowder.
Politics – knights sold land to fund their trips = no power.
Others died in Crusades. Thus – Kings increase power – helps
bring an end to feudalism. Pope becomes more powerful.
Ideas/Trade – Crusaders gained knowledge and exchanged
ideas with Muslims and Byzantines through the Crusades and
international trade begins again. Thus, European culture is
enriched through the Crusades, even though the final goal has
not been accomplished.