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07 - Learning
How have you been conditioned?
Class presentation video:
Learning
What topics do you need help with?
What topics do you need help with?
•
•
•
•
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A. Pavlov & Classical conditioning
B. Skinner & Operant conditioning
C. Generalization
D. Shaping
E. I understand
What topics do you need help with?
• A. Positive & negative reinforcers
• B. Reinforcement schedules
– Fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, variable-interval, etc.
• C. The effect of cognitive processes on operant
conditioning.
• D. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
• E. I understand
What topics do you need help with?
• A. Observational learning
• B. Delayed reinforcement
• C.I understand
Through direct experience with animals,
we come to anticipate that dogs will
bark and that birds will chirp. This best
illustrates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the law of effect.
spontaneous recovery.
respondent behavior.
associative learning.
Through direct experience with animals,
we come to anticipate that dogs will
bark and that birds will chirp. This best
illustrates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the law of effect.
spontaneous recovery.
respondent behavior.
associative learning.
Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating
at the mere sight of the person who regularly
brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight
of this person was a(n):
A.
B.
C.
D.
primary reinforcer.
unconditional stimulus.
immediate reinforcer.
conditioned stimulus.
Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating
at the mere sight of the person who regularly
brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight
of this person was a(n):
A.
B.
C.
D.
primary reinforcer.
unconditional stimulus.
immediate reinforcer.
conditioned stimulus.
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract
when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing
the light with electric shock. The electric shock
is a(n):
A.
B.
C.
D.
negative reinforcer.
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned reinforcer.
unconditioned stimulus.
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract
when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing
the light with electric shock. The electric shock
is a(n):
A.
B.
C.
D.
negative reinforcer.
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned reinforcer.
unconditioned stimulus.
After getting ill from eating her friend’s
Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldn’t stand the the
sight or smell of turkey. However, when her friend
baked a whole chicken, Natalia thought it sounded
good. This illustrates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
generalization.
discrimination.
extinction.
acquisition.
After getting ill from eating her friend’s
Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldn’t stand the the
sight or smell of turkey. However, when her friend
baked a whole chicken, Natalia thought it sounded
good. This illustrates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
generalization.
discrimination.
extinction.
acquisition.
For some children who bite themselves or bang their
heads, squirting water into their faces when they hurt
themselves has been observed to decrease the
frequency of these self-abusive behaviors. This best
illustrates the potential value of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
punishment.
conditioned reinforcers.
negative reinforcers.
latent learning.
For some children who bite themselves or bang their
heads, squirting water into their faces when they hurt
themselves has been observed to decrease the
frequency of these self-abusive behaviors. This best
illustrates the potential value of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
punishment.
conditioned reinforcers.
negative reinforcers.
latent learning.
Occasional, unpredictable reinforcement
usually results in _________ rates of
responding.
A.
B.
C.
D.
unpredictable
steady
delayed
speedy
Occasional, unpredictable reinforcement
usually results in _________ rates of
responding.
A.
B.
C.
D.
unpredictable
steady
delayed
speedy
Martin likes to shower in the men’s locker room after working
out. During a shower he hears a toilet flushing nearby.
Suddenly boiling hot water comes out of the showerhead,
causing Martin serious discomfort. Later on in the shower, he
hears another toilet flush and he immediately jumps out from
under the showerhead. In this scenario, what is the
unconditioned response (UR)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
jumping out of the shower
sound of the toilet flushing
pain avoidance
boiling hot water
Martin likes to shower in the men’s locker room after working
out. During a shower he hears a toilet flushing nearby.
Suddenly boiling hot water comes out of the showerhead,
causing Martin serious discomfort. Later on in the shower, he
hears another toilet flush and he immediately jumps out from
under the showerhead. In this scenario, what is the
unconditioned response (UR)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
jumping out of the shower
sound of the toilet flushing
pain avoidance
boiling hot water
Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become
tainted from being in the sun too long. Not long after
eating, Brian became extremely nauseated and felt
awful. After that, even the sight of a tuna sandwich
caused Brian to feel nauseated. In this scenario, what
is the conditioned response (CR)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
tuna
nausea
mayonnaise
sight of any sandwich
Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become
tainted from being in the sun too long. Not long after
eating, Brian became extremely nauseated and felt
awful. After that, even the sight of a tuna sandwich
caused Brian to feel nauseated. In this scenario, what
is the conditioned response (CR)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
tuna
nausea
mayonnaise
sight of any sandwich
Luke gets paid a fixed sum after every
four pianos he tunes. He is on a
_________ schedule of reinforcement.
A.
B.
C.
D.
fixed interval
fixed ratio
variable interval
variable ratio
Luke gets paid a fixed sum after every
four pianos he tunes. He is on a
_________ schedule of reinforcement.
A.
B.
C.
D.
fixed interval
fixed ratio
variable interval
variable ratio
Extinction occurs ___________ in classical
conditioning and ___________ in operant
conditioning.
A. when the CS is presented with the US; when
reinforcement increases
B. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly;
when reinforcement increases
C. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly;
when reinforcement stops
D. when the CS is presented with the US; when
reinforcement stops
Extinction occurs ___________ in classical
conditioning and ___________ in operant
conditioning.
A. when the CS is presented with the US; when
reinforcement increases
B. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly;
when reinforcement increases
C. when the CS is presented alone
repeatedly; when reinforcement stops
D. when the CS is presented with the US; when
reinforcement stops
A teenager misses her curfew and has the keys to the
family car taken away from her for a week; she doesn’t
miss curfew again. An child gets his favorite toy taken away
for throwing a tantrum in the store. Tantrum throwing is
decreased. Both of these examples illustrate the use of a
1. Negative punisher
2. Positive punisher
3. Positive reinforcer
4. Negative reinforcer.
A teenager misses her curfew and has the keys to the
family car taken away from her for a week; she doesn’t
miss curfew again. An child gets his favorite toy taken away
for throwing a tantrum in the store. Tantrum throwing is
decreased. Both of these examples illustrate the use of a
1. Negative punisher
2. Positive punisher
3. Positive reinforcer
4. Negative reinforcer.
Seligman performed a study on learned helplessness,
which demonstrated:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dogs given inescapable shock did nothing to escape
the shock when later given the opportunity for escape.
Dogs given inescapable shock did escape the shock
when later given the opportunity for escape.
Dogs given inescapable shock later became
aggressive when given the opportunity for escape.
Dogs given inescapable shock later became more
active when given the opportunity for escape.
There was no difference between dogs given
inescapable vs. escapable shock when later given the
opportunity for escape.
Seligman performed a study on learned helplessness,
which demonstrated:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dogs given inescapable shock did nothing to
escape the shock when later given the opportunity
for escape.
Dogs given inescapable shock did escape the shock
when later given the opportunity for escape.
Dogs given inescapable shock later became
aggressive when given the opportunity for escape.
Dogs given inescapable shock later became more
active when given the opportunity for escape.
There was no difference between dogs given
inescapable vs. escapable shock when later given the
opportunity for escape.
Discussion Question
• Imagine you are asked by a roommate to help
him devise a weight loss program to increase
his chances of making the football team.
Create a one month behavior modification
program based on the principles of operant
conditioning which will get him started
towards his goal. Be sure to describe how you
will measure your roommate's progress and
what schedules of reinforcement will be
included in your program.
• Based on operant conditioning
• Behaviors to be reinforced
• Reinforcers should be rewarding
– (and not counter to weight loss – not food)
•
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Reinforcement schedule
A plan to monitor progress
Use of negative reinforcement
Punishment should not be used
Critical thinking questions:
• What factors might counteract your plan?
– Genetics?
– Social pressure?
– Opposing reinforcers?
– Set point?
– Punishments?
– Self image?
– Side effect of drugs taken for other reasons
• What questions could you ask about your
plan?
– How do you measure success?
• Weight
• Behavior
• Other
– How do you measure behavior?
– How long will your plan take to work?