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Psychological Disorders
Lecture 15
Chapter 14
Defining Abnormality
To study the abnormal is the best way of
understanding the normal.
William James (1842-1910)
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Defining Abnormality
Defining Psychological Disorders
Is being abnormal enough to call something a
disorder?
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Defining Psychological Disorders
1.deviant behavior
2.distress
3.dysfunctional
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The Medical Model
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, insisted
that madness was not due to demonic possession,
but an ailment of the mind.
George Wesley Bellows, Dancer in a Madhouse, 1907. © 1997 The Art Institute of Chicago
Dance in the madhouse.
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Medical Model
physicians discovered
that syphilis led to
mental disorders
1.
2.
3.
4.
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
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The Biopsychosocial Approach
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Classifying Psychological Disorders
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Multiaxial Classification
Note 16 syndromes in Axis I
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Goals of DSM
1.
2.
Describe (400) disorders.
Determine how prevalent the
disorder is.
Disorders outlined by DSM-IV are reliable.
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Labeling Psychological Disorders
1. Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels may
stigmatize individuals.
Elizabeth Eckert, Middletown, NY. From L. Gamwell and
N. Tomes, Madness in America, 1995. Cornell University Press.
Asylum baseball team (labeling)
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Labeling Psychological Disorders
2. Labels may be helpful for healthcare
professionals when communicating with
one another and establishing therapy.
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Labeling Psychological Disorders
3. How should the
label affect
responsibility?
http://www.radiolab.or
g/2010/jun/28/
Elaine Thompson/ AP Photo
Theodore Kaczynski
(Unabomber)
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Anxiety Disorders
Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
Often includes the symptom of panic attacks.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Phobias
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Symptoms
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Panic Disorder
Symptoms
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Phobias
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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Brain Imaging
A PET scan of the brain
of a person with
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder (OCD). High
metabolic activity (red)
in the frontal lobe areas
are involved with
directing attention.
Brain image of an OCD
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Four or more weeks of
the following symptoms
1. Haunting memories
2. Nightmares
3. Social withdrawal
Bettmann/ Corbis
4. Jumpy anxiety
5. Sleep problems
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Resilience to PTSD
Only about 10% of women and 20% of men
react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD.
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Explaining Anxiety Disorders
Freud suggested that we repress our painful
and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts,
resulting in anxiety.
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The Learning Perspective
fear conditioning
observational learning
John Coletti/ Stock, Boston
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The Biological Perspective
Natural Selection
Genetic inheritance
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The Biological Perspective
Generalized anxiety,
panic attacks, and even
OCD are linked with
brain circuits like the
anterior cingulate cortex.
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Dissociative Disorders
Conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories,
thoughts, and feelings.
Symptoms
1. Having a sense of being unreal.
2. Being separated from the body.
3. Watching yourself as if in a movie.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
• http://www.npr.org/2011/10/20/14151446
4/real-sybil-admits-multiple-personalitieswere-fake
Lois Bernstein/ Gamma Liason
Chris Sizemore (DID)
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DID Critics
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Mood Disorders
1. Major depressive disorder
2. Bipolar disorder
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Major Depressive Disorder
Symptoms:
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Bipolar Disorder
Depressive Symptoms
Manic Symptoms
Gloomy
Elation
Withdrawn
Euphoria
Inability to make decisions
Desire for action
Tired
Hyperactive
Slowness of thought
Multiple ideas
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Bipolar Disorder
Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library
The Granger Collection
George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library
Bettmann/ Corbis
Hemingway
Clemens
Wolfe
Whitman
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Explaining Mood Disorders
Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1998) note that a theory
of depression should explain the following:
1. Behavioral and cognitive changes
2. Common causes of depression
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Theory of Depression
3. Gender differences
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Theory of Depression
4. Depressive episodes self-terminate.
5. Stressful events often precede depression.
6. Depression is increasing, especially in the
teens.
Desiree Navarro/ Getty Images
Post-partum depression
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Suicide
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Biological Perspective
Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in
families. The rate of depression is higher in
identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).
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The Depressed Brain
PET scans
Courtesy of Lewis Baxter an Michael E.
Phelps, UCLA School of Medicine
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
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Negative Thoughts and Moods
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Depression Cycle
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Schizophrenia
1. Disorganized and delusional
thinking.
2. Disturbed perceptions.
3. Inappropriate emotions and
actions.
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Types of Schizophrenia
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms versus Negative symptoms
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Disorganized & Delusional Thinking
Does selective attention failure play a part?
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Hallucinations
L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg
August Natter, Witches Head. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg
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Inappropriate Emotions & Actions
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Onset and Development of
Schizophrenia
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia
(WHO, 2002).
Usually diagnosed between age 18-24
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Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia
When schizophrenia is slow to develop
(chronic/process) recovery is doubtful. Such
schizophrenics usually display negative
symptoms.
When schizophrenia rapidly develops
(acute/reactive) recovery is better. Such
schizophrenics usually show positive
symptoms.
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Understanding Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited
by the symptoms of the mind.
Brain Abnormalities
Dopamine Overactivity
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Abnormal Brain Activity
Brain scans show abnormal activity in the
frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of
schizophrenic patients.
Paul Thompson and Arthur W. Toga, UCLA Laboratory of Neuro
Imaging and Judith L. Rapport, National Institute of Mental Health
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Abnormal Brain Morphology
Both Photos: Courtesy of Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., NIH-NIMH/ NSC
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Viral Infection
individuals who contracted a viral infection
(flu) during the middle of their fetal
development
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Genetic Factors
0 10 20 30 40 50
Identical
Both parents
Fraternal
One parent
Sibling
Nephew or niece
Unrelated
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Genetic Factors
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Personality Disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns
that impair social functioning.
•Antisocial Personality Disorder
•Borderline Personality Disorder
•Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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Understanding Borderline Personality
Disorder
• Symptoms
– Trouble regulating
emotions
– Quick to anger
– Fear of
abandonment
– Impulsiveness
– Rocky relationships
– Suicidal thoughts and
attempts
Understanding Borderline Personality
Disorder
• Risk Factors
– Genetics
• Twin studies
– Environmental
• Unstable family
Understanding Antisocial
Personality Disorder
• Psychopath
http://www.thisamericanlife.
org/radioarchives/episode/436/thepsychopath-test
Take notes on symptoms and
risk factors
Understanding Antisocial Personality
Disorder
PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced
activity in the frontal lobes. In a follow-up study,
repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe activity
(Raine et al., 1999; 2000).
Courtesy of Adrian Raine,
University of Southern California
Normal
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Murderer