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Geography • Few natural resources • Although coastline extensive, few natural harbors – limited seafaring skills • Predominantly agricultural – Plains of Latium • Land open to invasion / farmer-soldiers The Etruscans • Dominated central and northern Italian Peninsula • Confederation of citystates • Flourishing trade with the East • Alphabet based on Greek- not totally decipherable • Great respect for women The Etruscans • Influences on Rome The Arch The Vault Gladiator combat (funeral rite) Studying animal entrails Early Greek Influences • Greek colonies on peninsula / Sicily • Influences include: Religion Alphabet Crops- grapes and olives The Origins of Rome • Indo-Europeans 2,000-1,000 BCE • City-state of Rome founded 753 BCE • Tiber River / Seven Hills of Rome • Strategic importance The Origins of Rome • Romulus and Remus • Rape of the Sabine Women Origins 3:54 The History of Rome • Roman history in three major political phases: The Kingdom (753-507)- Traditionally, rule by seven kings from Romulus to Tarquinius Superbus The Republic (507-31)- Rule by Senate, Consuls, Assemblies, and dictators The Empire (31 BCE – 476 CE)- Rule by emperors The Kingdom • Senate (Senex- “old man”)- Council of elders (clan chiefs) • Possible veto power over king • Tarquinius Superbus (Etruscan) • Etruscan construction The Kingdom • The Rape of Lucretia • Patriotic Myths • Suspicion of monarchy • Etruscans absorbed by growing Roman state The Rape of Lucretia The Republic • Territorial expansion and warfare (Sabines, Samnites, etc) • Use of diplomacy and citizenship • Cincinnatus • The ideal of the Virtuous Citizen Rome’s Military 8:29 The Republic • Class structure Patrician- wealthy, landowning families from origins of Rome Plebeians- farmers, soldiers, merchants; could vote Intermarriage forbidden until fourth century BCE Slaves • Power struggle / civil war between Patricians and Plebeians throughout Republic period The Republic • Roman Republican Bureaucracy Senate- “old” prestigious families; Patricians; oligarchy Consuls (x2)- executive; leaders in battle Praetors- administered laws Quaestors- administered treasury Tribune (x10)- protected rights of Plebeians • Until fourth century BCE, officials drawn from Patrician class only The Republic • Roman Legislative Bodies The Senate - composed of 300 Patricians; served for life; advised the government The Centuriate Assembly - based on classes; elected officials; passed laws The Council of the Plebs - formed in 471 BCE; In 287 BCE its laws were binding on all citizens The Punic Wars • Series of three wars with Carthage (264-146 BCE) • Dominance in Mediterranean • First Punic War Conflict over Greek and Carthaginian colonies in southern Italy / Sicily Sicily absorbed by Rome The Corvus The Punic Wars • Second Punic War Roman interference in Carthaginian Spain Hannibal Crossing of Alps Battle of Lake Trasimene Battle of Cannae Battle of Zama Second Punic War The Punic Wars • Cato – “Carthage must be destroyed” • New Roman province of North Africa • Breadbasket of Rome • Roman conquest of Macedonia and Greece • Gift of Pergamum The Punic Wars 14:20 Social Unrest and Revolt • Decline of small farms and rise of large landowners • Migration of landless poor to Rome • Rise of commercial farming – latifunda • Labor market versus slavery • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Rise of the Roman Republic 8:22 Social Unrest and Revolt • Marius – oath / landless poor • Sulla Seized Rome with military (82 BCE) Civil War Abolished all assemblies except Senate Set precedent of violent political action Marius Sulla Social Unrest and Revolt • Emergence of the First Triumvirate Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey Crassus killed by Parthians 53 BCE Senate support of Pompey versus Caesar Crossing the Rubicon – civil war Defeat of Pompey Caesar made dictator 47 BCE Julius Caesar Social Unrest and Revolt • Caesar initiates reforms • Adopts Egyptian solar calendar – Julian Calendar with 365 days • Senate fears monarchy • Caesar assassinated 44 BCE The assassination of Julius Caesar Julius Caesar and Rhine Bridge 10:11 The End of the Republic • The Second Triumvirate Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus • Civil war - conspirators defeated • Rome divided / ruled by Octavian and Antony • Antony and Cleopatra • Battle of Actium • Deaths of Antony and Cleopatra The death of Cleopatra Empire • Octavian “restores” power to the Senate • Awarded titles of Augustus and imperator • Expands into Balkans, Germany • Establishes Praetorian Guard Caesar Augustus (Octavian) Empire • Julio-Claudian Dynasty Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Nero Nero 12:32 The Five Good Emperors • (96 – 180 CE) Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Nerva Trajan Hadrian Trajan 8:29 Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Roman Engineering A lasting legacy Roman baths were used as meeting places where one could not only bathe but eat, conduct business, and be entertained Roman aqueducts provided as much fresh water to Roman citizens as is provided today Water was taken from mountain sources and moved along underground and aboveground channels using the force of gravity A fountain could be found at the terminus of each aqueduct to release its pressure Water 6:57 Roman Roads 3:10 Hadrian’s Wall - Hadrian put the empire into a defensive mode To facilitate the transport of trade goods, the Romans constructed a port at Portus bypassing the inadequate Ostia Python Roman Adv 1:59 Empire • Romans promoted cultural unity through the Latin language, Roman law, and citizenship • 212 CE - Emperor Caracalla made all free people within the empire citizens Forum & Latin 1:44 Python Latin 1:46 Roman Law • Roman law was based on the Twelve Tables set in 450 BCE • Law dealt with both citizen and non-citizen – evolved into Law of Nations • Standards included Innocent until proven guilty Right to a defense before a judge Responsibility of judge to weigh evidence before rendering verdict Roman Life • Wealth gap • Wealth stimulated long-distance trade (India, China) • Rise of land estates - commercial farming – work done by slaves Roman Feast 13:09 • City of Rome – landless poor • “Insulae” • Unemployment versus slavery • Paterfamilias • Rights of Father – early versus late Rome • Rights of women – early versus late Rome Access to public buildings Greek Influences on Late Rome • Post-Conquest: removal of Greek art and literature • Popularity of Greek slaves • Popularity of Greek philosophy / religion (Stoicism) • Transmission of Greek culture • “Captive Greece took captive her rude conqueror” Horace Bread and Circuses • Free bread and entertainment • Political advantages Colosseum 10:46 Slavery • • • • Slavery in nearly all areas of Roman life Some measure of freedom Cost benefits of slavery Slave revolts – Spartacus (73 BCE) 70,000 slaves • Impact of slavery on technological development Slavery • “War is business” – Generals as slavers • Julius Caesar – 58,000 slaves from one battle 1 / 13:13 2 / 18:37 3 / 12:26 Roman Religion • Based on Greek gods • Paterfamilias – daily offerings to Vesta (goddess of the home) • Emperors often proclaimed gods to gain support from masses • Romans usually tolerant of other religions Vestal Virgin Rome and the Jews • Judea - Roman province in 6 CE • Sadducees favored Roman rule • Zealots – nationalists – advocated violent overthrow of Roman rule • 66 CE – Zealots begin revolt Judean Uprising 4:32 Python Stoning 2:31 Rome and the Jews • Masada • Sack of Jerusalem (Ark) • Judea under total Roman control • The Jewish Diaspora (80 CE) Rome and Christianity • Political climate when Jesus preached • Roman Procurator Pontius Pilate • Peter and Paul of Tarsus – Christianity a Jewish sect? • Use of Roman roads • New Testament- writings between 40-100 CE • Importance of Jerusalem Pilate “washing” his hands Rise of Christianity 2:02 Rome and Christianity • Persecution sporadic – based on perceived threat to state • Nero - first persecution • Church developed organizational structure with salaried priests and bishops • Christianity widespread by 300’s CE • Fulfilled need to belong, personal salvation Feeding Christians to the animals Rome and Christianity • Last great persecution under Diocletian in fourth century CE • Constantine – first Christian emperor • Edict of Milan • Christianity made state religion under Theodosius the Great (378 – 395 CE) Constantine 3:05 Constantine Rome’s Decline and Fall • Barracks Emperors • Loss in population due to plague, famine, decrease in agricultural production • Shrinking revenues – debasement of coins, hereditary occupations • Military defeats – inroads by Germanic tribes • Population soft, corrupt, decadent • Sharing of power – Tetrarchy for short period beginning with Diocletian Constantinople West East The empire was split between two emperors each assisted by two “Caesars” Rome’s Decline and Fall • East eclipsed West in wealth – shift in political power • Huns and Germanic tribes • Emperor Romulus Augustulus deposed 476 CE • West disintegrates – East survives as Byzantine Empire The sack of Rome Decline 1 / 12:23 Decline 2 / 18:06