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Unit 4: Ancient Rome Italy’s Geography The Roman Empire was strategically located on the Italian Peninsula, in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea. Early settlers to this area easily traded with the Middle East, Greece, Egypt, Spain and North African areas. Very mountainous region Travel difficult Communication difficult protection Three main rivers: Po Arno Tiber Many fertile areas close to rivers provided many types of foods and building materials. Wheat Grapes Olives Concrete They came, they saw, they conquered. They rose and they fell. They created the world's first superpower, then ended as captives of illiterate barbarians. The ancient Romans changed the face of the world. Rome’s Legacy: “Vini, vidi, vici” “I came, I saw, I conquered” – Julius Caesar Rome’s Beginnings: The Romans lived on the peninsula with two other groups: Greeks and Etruscans. Etruscan armies soon took over most of what the Romans had. One Etruscan family – the Tarquins – soon developed a dynasty. The last Etruscan ruler – Tarquin the Proud was overthrown by a new, stronger Rome in 509BCE. Rome was strongly influenced by the Etruscans: use of the arch drainage systems alphabet aqueducts walled cities religion The Republic: Republic – citizens elected representatives to run the government. (only members of noble families) Two groups of citizens: Patricians – members of the wealthy landowning class Plebians – members of the common class Video: Ancient Rome – Rise to Power Section 2: How did the Etruscans influence the decision to have a republic as the form of government? How did the first census allow Rome to enforce taxation and military requirements? Social Organization: Page 233 in text. Draw and label the pyramid. Defending the Republic: Romans soon went on the offensive. Army was organized into Legions of 5000 men. Legions were subdivided into groups of 120 in ‘ranks’ of 10 lined up behind each other in ‘files’ of 12. Hastati – young and inexperienced. (Spears/javelins) Principes – older, more experiences. (stronger weapons) Triarii – veterans The Punic Wars Roman Republic’s first territorial interest outside Italy was in Africa – the city of Carthage. Carthage was a naval power and had a lot of interest in the areas around Italy. Rome wanted control of Carthage for two reasons: Carthage controlled Sicily (grain) 2. Carthage’s navy was a threat to Roman trade 1. This rivalry led to the Punic Wars. Assignment: Find the following info about each of the Punic Wars: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Years war was fought? People involved? Why did this war begin? Difficulties for the Romans Roman successes Outcome of the war…what happened. Decline of the Roman Republic Rome is spreading its rule – demanding more taxes and enslaving more people. The gap between rich and poor was growing bigger. The rich hated and feared the poor. (The mob) Popular leaders tried to improve conditions for the poor. Reformers: Tiberius Gracchus: Tiberius wanted to limit the amount of land one person could own. He wanted to divide public land and give to the poor. A riot was formed by the Senate and Tiberius was killed. Gaius Gracchus: Felt the poor should be moved from the city back to the country Gave free wheat and grain to the poor. Senate had him killed. Gaius Marius: General in the military First low class roman to be elected to a high office He wanted to set up a professional army and opened the army to everyone. Offered land and pensions to the poor. Marius was opposed by General Sulla, who invaded Rome and defeated Marius. Sulla declared himself a dictator and forbid Generals command for more than one year. Enter Julius Caesar: When Sulla retired a new group of Generals fought for control of Rome. Forming a triumvirate (Ruled by three) Crassus, Pompey and Julius Caesar. J.C. believed in one man rule! Crassus died and the remaining two fought for power in a civil war. J.C. gained power when Pompey was murdered. “Vini, Vidi, Vici”- Julius Caesar Caesar’s Accomplishments: Public works projects (roads, buildings) Redistributed state land and founded new Roman colonies overseas Gladiatorial games that were free Increased size of Senate (lessening the power of each Senator) Gave Roman citizenship to Greeks, Spaniards and Gauls. Created the Julian calendar. J.C. appointed himself “Dictator for Life” over Rome’s citizens. This did not keep his popularity with the senators. March 15, 44 BCE – 60 men, mostly senators, carried out a plot to assassinate J. Caesar. The day, known as “The Ides of March”, was when Caesar was stabbed to death. The Roman people turned against those conspirators and political power turned to another triumvirate. This time the three leaders were Marc Antony (East), Octavian (West) and Lepidus (Africa). All shared control of the Italian homeland. The Second Triumvirate Augustus Caesar (Octavian) Octavian became sole ruler in 4 years. Ruled with absolute power, but did not flaunt it although he held a lot of positions. Worried about his protection, so he did two things: 1. 2. Had every soldier swear allegiance to him personally. He chose people to help him rule based on their ability not their social class. A.C. is thought to have brought peace to the Roman Empire. This time period became known as the Pax Romana. He did not try to gain more territory. Made Rome more beautiful, set up a fire brigade and a police force. Had his own protective force, the Praetorian. A.C. died in 11 C.E. (A.D.), but the Pax Romana continued for about 200 years. The Roman Empire started to collapse for a few reasons: No set rule of who inherited the title of Emperor. 2. Economic – higher taxes were collected to keep the military happy. 3. Inflation – No new money (gold) coming to Rome because no new territories were being conquered. 4. Civil issues led to armies ignoring the border areas. 1. Two emperors tried to save the empire. Diocletian – divided the Empire into two parts. He ruled the east and allowed someone else to rule the west. Constantine I – tried to keep control of both parts of the Empire, but finally gave up and moved the capital to Constantinople (Turkey). In 410 C.E. Germanic tribes invaded Rome and Roman Senators declared “You are on your own.” This was the fall of the Roman Empire. The End