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The Geography of Rome The Geography of Rome Protection for Rome and Italy • Rome built on seven hills • Alps • Barrier to the north • Seas • Barriers on other three sides • Poor harbors in eastern Italy • Little interference from cultures to the east Unification of Italy under Rome • Rome centrally located on peninsula • Good location for capital city • Apennine Mountains run north-south • Not a barrier to unification of the peninsula Farming and Trade • Fertile soil and mild climate • Good for farming • No need to import foodstuffs • Central location in Mediterranean • Good for trade • Launching point for expansion throughout Mediterranean region Tiber River • Tiber river runs through ROME – Remember most major cities in the world are on rivers The Others Living in Italy • Greek colonists – Eastern portion of Sicily – “Heel” and “toe” of Italy • Carthaginian colonists – Western portion of Sicily • Gauls – Between Alps and Po River Italy in 750 BCE The Others Living in Italy • Mystery – their origins are lost to prehistory • Lived north of Rome – Region today called “Tuscany” after them (ancient Etruria) – Enemies of the Romans • Taught the Romans: – Arch in architecture, drainage and sewerbuilding, phalanx military formation, writing, and polytheistic religion Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion The Arch The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) Republican Government Patricians Plebeians • Nobles • Common people • Controlled the government of the Republic • Few rights and little power • Could not run for public office • Could not marry into the nobility (the patrician class) • Little say in the creation of laws • Executive power • Two consuls elected for a oneyear term • Elected by adult male patricians • Legislature • Senate – upper house • About 300 patricians • Served for life • Controlled by about 12 families • Continuously threatened to secede from Rome and create their own city • Assembly – lower house All free, adult males who could afford weaponry All acts had to be approved by the Senate • Over the centuries, they were granted more and more rights The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. The Roman Forum The Birth of the Republic The 3 Periods of Rome Roman Origins • Circa 1000-509 BCE • Earliest settlements on Palatine Hill • 753 BCE – Legendary founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus Roman Republic • 509-31 BCE • Etruscan kings overthrown under leadership of Lucius Junius Brutus, the traditional founder of the Republic, in 509 BCE • Republic = “thing of the people” • Ended with Battle of Actium in 31 BCE Roman Empire • 31 BCE-476 CE • Began when Octavian’s forces defeated the forces of Antony and Cleopatra • End of Western Roman Empire traditionally dated to 476 CE, when last emperor, Romulus Augustus, deposed • Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire continued until conquered by the Turks in 1453 Carthaginian Empire Hannibal’s Route Rome Conquers the Mediterranean • Carthage large and powerful trading city on the North African coast • Carthage and Rome would fight 3 wars called the PUNIC WARS Rome Conquers the Mediterranean • HANNIBAL – Great Military General from Carthage – Led an Army of over 100,000 men with Elephants through the Alps – Would Fail and return to Carthage – 3rd Punic War Rome burned Carthage and destroyed them completely Reform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poor and homeless. • professional standing army. Republic destroyed= Dictator put in place • JULIUS CESAR • By 44 B.C.E. The great military General Julius Cesar was put in power as Emperor for life. – He would be betrayed and killed within a few years • His desire for power led to his death Julius Caesar Emerges Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast! The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar Marcus Licinius Crassus Gaius Magnus Pompey Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor The First Roman Dynasty Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE The Roman Religion Taken from the Greek GODS The Rise of Christianity The Rise of Christianity Religions within the Roman Empire • Romans allowed for free worship as long as everyone honored the Roman gods through sacrifice on holy days etc – Most religions had no problem with this because they were polytheistic Roman sacrifice The Rise of Christianity Religions within the Roman Empire • Jews, however, who refused to worship more than one god were constantly revolting and refusing Roman rule and assimilation – Called Zealots • Controversy made this entire region in turmoil Roman soldiers destroying the Temple in Jerusalem The Rise of Christianity Life of Jesus Christ (historically speaking) • Born in Bethlehem and raised in Nazareth on banks of Sea of Galilee – Under Roman control – Jesus, Mary, and Joseph recorded in Roman census The Rise of Christianity Life of Jesus Christ • Born in Jewish faith – Most Christian practices are rooted in Judaism • Preached eternal salvation, equality, justice, and love of all people – Were these ideas appreciated at that time? – How would Roman regents handle this situation? • Put to death by Roman Prefect – Pontius Pilate “I wash my hands of this man’s blood” The Rise of Christianity Spread of Christianity • After Jesus’ death those who followed him were persecuted for their beliefs – Cannibals, monotheistic, incestuous, private, refused to honor Roman gods/emperors – Martyrs • Went under ground to perform rituals – Catacombs- underground graves and Chapels for Christians • At first Christians were simply a sect of Judaism • By 100 A.D. they had split into their own religion • Fiscus judaicus • Council of Jerusalem Catacombs- a refuge for early Christians The Rise of Christianity Spread of Christianity • How did Christianity spread so quickly and to so many people? – Roman infrastructure • roads, safe sea travel, postal service, Roman citizenship – Greek influence • Greek language, Greek philosophers, – Jesus’ message; who does it apply to? • Poor, sick, exiled, suffering, rich, man, woman, etc. – Christian belief in life after death • How was life on earth at that time? – Martyr's example • Inspiring St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles Rome’s Early Road System The Rise of Christianity Spread of Christianity • After centuries of on-andoff persecution, Constantine issues the The Edict of Milan, or freedom to worship, in A.D. 313 • Did HE REALLY SEE ANYTHING? • Might have seen it coming and just made up the story… there are some stories that say on his death bed Constantine was praying to Zeus The Rise of Christianity Dissension Between Church • Disputes arose between Patriarchs over practices and doctrine • The Roman Patriarch became known as the Pope (papa) and over time claimed authority over the other Patriarchs • Led to major split between Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity The Spread of Christianity The Empire in Crisis: 3c Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE Constantine: 312 - 337 Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330) Roman Roads: The Appian Way Roman Aqueducts The Roman Colosseum The Colosseum Interior Circus Maximus The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch