Download Ancient Rome - Regents Review

The Geography of Rome
The Geography of Rome
Protection
for Rome
and Italy
• Rome built on
seven hills
• Alps
• Barrier to the
north
• Seas
• Barriers on
other three
sides
• Poor harbors in
eastern Italy
• Little
interference
from cultures
to the east
Unification
of Italy
under Rome
• Rome centrally
located on
peninsula
• Good location
for capital city
• Apennine
Mountains run
north-south
• Not a barrier to
unification of
the peninsula
Farming and
Trade
• Fertile soil and
mild climate
• Good for
farming
• No need to
import
foodstuffs
• Central location
in
Mediterranean
• Good for trade
• Launching
point for
expansion
throughout
Mediterranean
region
Tiber River
• Tiber river runs through ROME
– Remember most major cities in the
world are on rivers
The Others Living in Italy
• Greek colonists
– Eastern portion of Sicily
– “Heel” and “toe” of Italy
• Carthaginian colonists
– Western portion of Sicily
• Gauls
– Between Alps and Po River
Italy in 750 BCE
The Others Living in Italy
• Mystery – their origins are lost to prehistory
• Lived north of Rome
– Region today called “Tuscany” after them
(ancient Etruria)
– Enemies of the Romans
• Taught the Romans:
– Arch in architecture, drainage and sewerbuilding, phalanx military formation, writing,
and polytheistic religion
Influence of the Etruscans
 Writing
 Religion
 The Arch
The Mythical Founding of
Rome:
Romulus & Remus
The Mythical Founding of
Rome:
Romulus & Remus
Republican Government
2 Consuls
(Rulers of Rome)
Senate
(Representative body for patricians)
Tribal Assembly
(Representative body for plebeians)
Republican Government
Patricians
Plebeians
• Nobles
• Common people
• Controlled the government of the
Republic
• Few rights and little power
• Could not run for public office
• Could not marry into the nobility
(the patrician class)
• Little say in the creation of laws
• Executive power
• Two consuls elected for a oneyear term
• Elected by adult male patricians
• Legislature
• Senate – upper house
• About 300 patricians
• Served for life
• Controlled by about 12 families
• Continuously threatened to secede
from Rome and create their own
city
• Assembly – lower house
All free, adult males who could
afford weaponry
All acts had to be approved by the
Senate
• Over the centuries, they were
granted more and more rights
The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
 Providing political and social
rights for the plebeians.
The Roman Forum
The Birth of the Republic
The 3 Periods of Rome
Roman Origins
• Circa 1000-509 BCE
• Earliest settlements on Palatine Hill
• 753 BCE – Legendary founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus
Roman Republic
• 509-31 BCE
• Etruscan kings overthrown under leadership of Lucius Junius Brutus,
the traditional founder of the Republic, in 509 BCE
• Republic = “thing of the people”
• Ended with Battle of Actium in 31 BCE
Roman Empire
• 31 BCE-476 CE
• Began when Octavian’s forces defeated the forces of Antony and
Cleopatra
• End of Western Roman Empire traditionally dated to 476 CE, when last
emperor, Romulus Augustus, deposed
• Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire continued until conquered by the
Turks in 1453
Carthaginian Empire
Hannibal’s Route
Rome Conquers the
Mediterranean
• Carthage large and
powerful trading city on the
North African coast
• Carthage and Rome would
fight 3 wars called the
PUNIC WARS
Rome Conquers the
Mediterranean
• HANNIBAL
– Great Military General from
Carthage
– Led an Army of over 100,000 men
with Elephants through the Alps
– Would Fail and return to Carthage
– 3rd Punic War  Rome burned
Carthage and destroyed them
completely
Reform Leaders
 Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
•
the poor should be given grain
and small plots of free land.
Military Reformer
 Gaius Marius
•
recruited an army from the poor
and homeless.
•
professional standing army.
Republic destroyed=
Dictator put in place
• JULIUS CESAR
• By 44 B.C.E. The great military
General Julius Cesar was put in
power as Emperor for life.
– He would be betrayed and killed
within a few years
• His desire for power led to his
death
Julius Caesar Emerges
Civil War & Dictators
Julius Caesar
Pompey
Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC
The Die is Cast!
The First Triumvirate
 Julius Caesar
 Marcus Licinius Crassus
 Gaius Magnus Pompey
Beware the Ides of March!
44 BCE
The Second Triumvirate
 Octavian Augustus
 Marc Antony
 Marcus Lepidus
Octavian Augustus:
Rome’s First Emperor
The First Roman
Dynasty
Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE
Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE
The Greatest Extent of the
Roman Empire – 14 CE
The Roman Religion
Taken
from
the
Greek
GODS
The Rise of Christianity
The Rise of Christianity
Religions within
the Roman
Empire
• Romans allowed for
free worship as long as
everyone honored the
Roman gods through
sacrifice on holy days
etc
– Most religions had no
problem with this
because they were
polytheistic
Roman sacrifice
The Rise of Christianity
Religions within the
Roman Empire
• Jews, however, who
refused to worship more
than one god were
constantly revolting and
refusing Roman rule and
assimilation
– Called Zealots
• Controversy made this
entire region in turmoil
Roman soldiers
destroying the Temple
in Jerusalem
The Rise of Christianity
Life of Jesus Christ
(historically
speaking)
• Born in Bethlehem and
raised in Nazareth on banks
of Sea of Galilee
– Under Roman control
– Jesus, Mary, and Joseph
recorded in Roman census
The Rise of Christianity
Life of Jesus Christ
• Born in Jewish faith
– Most Christian practices
are rooted in Judaism
• Preached eternal salvation,
equality, justice, and love
of all people
– Were these ideas
appreciated at that time?
– How would Roman regents
handle this situation?
• Put to death by Roman
Prefect
– Pontius Pilate
“I wash my hands of
this man’s blood”
The Rise of Christianity
Spread of Christianity
• After Jesus’ death those who followed him were
persecuted for their beliefs
– Cannibals, monotheistic, incestuous, private, refused
to honor Roman gods/emperors
– Martyrs
• Went under ground to perform rituals
– Catacombs- underground graves and Chapels for
Christians
• At first Christians were simply a sect of Judaism
• By 100 A.D. they had split into their own religion
• Fiscus judaicus
• Council of Jerusalem
Catacombs- a refuge for early
Christians
The Rise of Christianity
Spread of Christianity
• How did Christianity spread so quickly and to so
many people?
– Roman infrastructure
• roads, safe sea travel, postal service, Roman
citizenship
– Greek influence
• Greek language, Greek philosophers,
– Jesus’ message; who does it apply to?
• Poor, sick, exiled, suffering, rich, man, woman, etc.
– Christian belief in life after death
• How was life on earth at that time?
– Martyr's example
• Inspiring
St. Paul:
Apostle to the Gentiles
Rome’s Early Road System
The Rise of Christianity
Spread of
Christianity
• After centuries of on-andoff persecution, Constantine
issues the The Edict of
Milan, or freedom to
worship, in A.D. 313
• Did HE REALLY SEE
ANYTHING?
• Might have seen it coming
and just made up the
story… there are some
stories that say on his
death bed Constantine was
praying to Zeus
The Rise of Christianity
Dissension Between Church
• Disputes arose between
Patriarchs over practices
and doctrine
• The Roman Patriarch
became known as the Pope
(papa) and over time
claimed authority over the
other Patriarchs
• Led to major split between
Western Christianity and
Eastern Christianity
The Spread of Christianity
The Empire in Crisis: 3c
Diocletian Splits the
Empire in Two: 294 CE
Constantine: 312 - 337
Constantinople: “The 2nd
Rome” (Founded in 330)
Roman Roads:
The Appian Way
Roman Aqueducts
The Roman Colosseum
The Colosseum Interior
Circus Maximus
The Legacy of Rome
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Republic Government
Roman Law
Latin Language
Roman Catholic Church
City Planning
Romanesque Architectural Style
Roman Engineering
• Aqueducts
• Sewage systems
• Dams
• Cement
• Arch