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The Rise of the Roman Republic 509 BC – 27 BC Rome’s greatest achievements: • Established the first Republic and the principle of separation of powers; • Used law and government to unite many different regions, cultures and people. [a trend of cosmopolitanism started during the Hellenistic Age] • Practical engineering projects to promote civilization: roads, bridges, aqueducts, sewers, bath houses and amphitheatres. Caesar Augustus asked Rome’s greatest poet, Virgil to write a poem to glorify the founding of Rome [30-19 BCE] 12 books/ 1-6: Odyssey 7-12: The Iliad Aeneas reaches Latium, Italy Romulus and Remustwin sons of the god Mars, and Princess Rhea who feared for their lives Romulus and Remus: nurtured by a she-wolf • Romulus and Remusrescued by a peasant shepherd The Archaeological Record • 2500 BC- Paleolithic settlements • 1500 BC The Bronze Age • 1000 BC tombs of cremated dead with bronze tools and weapons • 800 BC Distinct groups occupied the Italian peninsula- Umbrians, the Sabines, the Samnites, the Etruscans and the Latins • Three advantages • 1) built on several hills • 2) Towards the end of the Tiber River • 3) Only 15 miles from the sea The Etruscans • 753-509 BC • Older, more advanced culture • Drained marshes • Built sewer system • Constructed roads, sewers. temples & public buildings 5 of last 7 kings were Etruscan turned the small fishing village into a thriving city developed the arch built the Servian Wall built the circus maximus gladiatorial games The Republic is established, 509 BC • The last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Proud, ignored the Senate and was overthrown, the Latin patricians (wealthy landowners) created a representative government. Two Consuls replaced the king The Roman Senate: • Senators came from the Patrician class • Acted as an advisory body to the king/consuls • Controlled the finances; money for public works • Served as a Jury for treason, conspiracy, murder, & foreign relations • Early Roman society consisted of two classes: Patricians and Plebeians… Plebeian grievances included: Enslavement for debt Discrimination in the courts Intermarriage with patricians was forbidden Lack of political representation Absence of a written code of laws Granting citizenship to outsiders while denying it to indigenous plebeian farmers The Struggle of the Orders 494 – 287 BC • • • • • • 494 BC – Office of the Tribune created 460 BC – Voting: residence replaced wealth 450 BC – Twelve Tables 445 BC – Lex Canuleia-marriage 367 BC – Licinian-Sextian Rogation-consuls 287 BC – Lex Hortensia- Plebeian Council Roman Expansion • • • • 493 BC – Battle of Lake Regillus/Latin League 396 BC – Battle of Veii/Etruscans 390 C – first & only setback – Gauls seige on Rome 350 BC - Romans bounced back- rebuilt the Servian Wall and remodeled the army • 340- 290 BC The Latin Wars/Roman Federation • 282-270 BC defeated Greeks/Tarentum & Epirus • By 264 BC, 5 major world powers: Syria, Egypt, Macedonia, Carthage and Rome By 264 BC, 5 major world powers: Syria, Egypt, Macedonia, Carthage and Rome • By 264 BC, Rome had achieved two important successes: – It had secured social cohesion by redressing the grievances of the plebeians – It had increased its military might by conquering the peninsula, thus insuring the human resources with which it would conquer the Mediterranean world. • The Battle of Lake Regillus, 493 BC the mythological twins, the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, on horseback. Defeating the Etruscans- The Battle of Veii, 396 BC Horatius At The Bridge 390 C – first & only setback – Gauls seige on Rome 350 BC: Rome renewed itself… The Latin Wars 340- 338 BC; 326-304 B.C. 298-290 B.C. The Roman Federation & • 282-270 BC Rome fought the Greeks of Tarentum and their ally- King Pyrrhus of Epirus • ANY QUESTIONS?