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Introduction to Greek and Roman History Lecture 13 i. Mistress or master? Roman imperialism and Hellenisation ii. The growth of Rome: agrarian crises and the rise of individual Delos, hub of Mediterranean trade Delos and Rome Strabo X.5.4 Although Delos was so famous, yet it became still more so, and flourished after the destruction of Corinth by the Romans. For the merchants resorted thither, induced by the immunities of the temple, and the convenience of its harbour. It lies favourably for those who are sailing from Italy and Greece to Asia. The general festival held there serves the purposes of commerce, and the Romans particularly frequented it even before the destruction of Corinth. Bilingual dedication to Hercules. Delos 113 BC. A collegium (6 freedmen, 6 freeborn) The Via Egnatia Polybius XXXIV.12.2 The road from Apollonia to Macedonia is called the Via Egnatia, which has been measured in miles and marked out with milestones as far as Cypselus and the River Hebrus, a distance of five hundred and thirty-five miles. Reckoning eight and one-third stades to a mile, the number of stades will be four thousand four hundred and fifty-eight. The distance is exactly the same whether you start from Apollonia or Epidamnus. Dedication to Hercules by L. Mummius 144 BC CIL.1 626 From Temple of Hercules Victor in Rome (now in the Vatican, travertine). Victory Temples T. of Hercules Victory Temple of Portunus Victoriatus coin. mid 1st c BC: Rome, Jupiter and Nike with Tropaion. Tomb of the Caecilli Metelii Roman Coins: Macedonian derivations??? Lex Villia Annalis (180 B.C.) Consulship (42 years) Preatorship (39 years) Quaestorship (25 years?) Minimum two-year interval between offices Tribunate and aedislhip facultative Property qualification for the assidui •First half of the II century: from 11,000 to 4,000 asses •Ca. 145: from 4,000 to 1,500 asses Assidui: The citizens who possessed the property qualification necessary to serve in the legions The problem with Empire • Growing competition between member of the elites. • Personal relations between commanders and foreign leaders. • Regularize personal competition. • Clash between personal ascendancy and oligarchic establishment. • Rise of the Equestrian class. Tiberius’ tribunate – 133 B.C. •Election of a three-member commission to make a survey of the distribution of public land. •Reinforce the 500-jugera law. •Redistribute land to small landowners. Lucera Plan of centuriation north-east of Lucera The plan show centuriation on two alignments, one perhaps dating from the foundation of the colony, one perhaps reflecting Gracchan assignations. Tiberius’ reform and census 142 328.442 136 317.933 131 318.823 125 394.736 Trouble with Italian non-Roman allies T. Gracchus was steadfast in helping citizens, but ignored the rights and treaties of allies and Latins (Cic. De Re Publica III.41) 125: Marcus Fulvius Flaccus proposes the extension of Roman citizenship to Italian allies. 124: Revolt of Fregellae Caius’ legislation: a popularis’ agenda •Law preventing anyone who had been deposed from a magistracy to be appointed to another one (withdrawn). •Law prohibiting the passing of judgement on Roman citizens without the consent of people. •Law authorising state sale of grain at 6 2/3 sesterces for measure. •Law prohibiting the enrolment of soldiers younger than 17 y.o. •Law on juries for the trials on the cases of provincial extortion (judges not to be chosen from the senators). •Law on consular provinces. However, he soon saw that the senate was hostile to him out and out, and that the good will of Fannius towards him had lost his edge, and therefore again began to attach the multitude to himself by other laws, proposing to send colonies to Tarentum and Capua, and inviting the Latins to a participation in the Roman franchise. Plut. Gracc. XXIV.1-2 New colonies in Italy Capua Tarentum New colony on the site of Carthage I should regard as the most pernicious aspect of the legislation of C. Gracchus the planting of colonies outside Italy. Earlier generations had carefully avoided that, since they saw that many colonies had become more powerful than their mother cities […]. But Carthage was the first colony founded outside Italy. Velleius Paterculus II.7.7-8 Caius’ road building But he busied himself most earnestly with the construction of roads, laying stress upon utility, as well as upon that which conduced to grace and beauty. For his roads were carried straight through the country without deviation, and had pavements of quarried stone, and substructures of tightrammed masses of sand. Plut. Gracc. XXVIII.1 Roman Milestones : Antioch 89 AD; Roman Britain:ca. AD 130