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Transcript
The Immune System Disease Transmission Robert Koch…”father of disease,” came up with first procedure for identifying the pathogens responsible for a disease. -Worked with anthrax -Koch’s Postulates – “rules” for determining the cause of the disease Human Diseases and How They Are Transmitted AIDS HIV Intercourse, contaminated syringes Common Cold many viruses air, person to person Malaria protozoan parasites mosquitoes Measles paramyxovirus air, person to person Botulism Clostridium botulinum contaminated food Invaders to the Body Pathogens – foreign particles Ex. Viruses + bacteria Multiply in the body to cause infection Come into contact with the body by: Air Food Water Person-to-person contact Animal bites NonSpecific Defenses...First Line of Defense Skin – prevents entry Oil – traps and kills invaders Mucous/tears/saliva – wash, trap, and kill • Mucous/saliva – swallowed; stomach acid kills Ear wax – traps Hair/Cilia - traps NonSpecific Defenses...Second Line of Defense If a pathogen penetrates the first line of defense... 1. Inflammatory Response: -Histamine released (Increases blood flow to site of injury/infection; can cause redness, swelling, warmth, and pain) -White Blood Cells (Phagocytes) • Attack/ingest foreign particles • Neutrophils & Macrophages • Natural Killer Cells 2. Interferon • protein that inhibits reproduction of viruses 3. Fever • sign body is responding to infection • suppresses growth and reproduction • promotes action of white blood cells Specific Defenses...The Immune System 1. Bone Marrow -Produces white blood cells (lymphocytes) -Two types: B cells & T cells (thymus) 2. Thymus -Place of maturation of white blood cells 3. Lymph & Lymph Nodes -Filter pathogens, lymphocytes 4. Spleen -Filters pathogens from blood 5. Tonsils & Adenoids -Contain lymphocytes which are important for antibody production. The Immune Response..two pronged attack! Begins with ‘Recognition’ of an Antigen (pathogen). -differing response based upon surface proteins on the antigen. 1. Cell-Mediated 2. Humoral 1. Cell-Mediated Immune Response -T cells (cytotoxic & suppressor) -destroy infected cells -shut down response after pathogens are cleared 2. Humoral Immune Response -B cells change into plasma cells and produce antibodies. Antibodies – chemicals that binds to antigen to disable the pathogen (block reproduction). -Antigen specific -Stores antibodies for the future use Primary Immune Response -first time the body encounters an antigen. Secondary Immune Response -Response of memory cells to an infection by a former pathogen. Additional Specific Defenses Immunity (survival or vaccination) Allergies Autoimmune Diseases- immune system attacks your own body cells. (MS, type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis) AIDS AIDS is a disease in which the immune system loses its ability to fight off pathogens and cancers. Caused by the HIV virus Transmitted by the transfer of body fluids & needles.