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Chapter Fourteen Lymphatic and Immune Systems Chapter 14 In this chapter you will Identify the structures and analyze terms related to the lymphatic system. Learn terms that describe the basic elements of the immune system. Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper context. Lymph Watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of lymph vessels Contains WBCs, lymphocytes and monocytes. Contains water, salts, sugars, and waste products of metabolism. Lymph Nodes Clusters of lymph tissues. Functions of lymph system Transports proteins back to blood Absorb fats and transport back to blood Important role is immune system Introduction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BX8fBl me9vQ Interstitial fluid and lymph capillaries – page 547 Figure 14-2 p. 547 – Blood and lymph circulation SPLEEN – page 550 • Destroys old red blood cells. • Filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of the blood. • Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration. B cells produce antibodies. • Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets Specialized Lymphatic Organs: organs composed of lymph tissue Thymus gland Located in the upper mediastinum between the lungs Secretes a hormone called thymosin which stimulates the bone marrow to produce T lymphocytes, which are important in the immune response THYMUS GLAND – page 550 • Provides immunity in fetal life and in early years of growth. • Makes cells immunocompetent in early life. • Early removal from an animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and produce cells to fight antigens. Specialized Lymphatic Organs: organs composed of lymph tissue Tonsils Help protect against bacteria and other harmful substances that may enter the body through the nose or mouth The Immune System Types of Immunity – page 551 Immune Response – page 533 B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity. originate in bone marrow from stem cells transform into plasma cells to produce immunoglobulins, antibodies that neutralize antigens Immune Response (cont’d) T lymphocytes are responsible for cellmediated immunity. The function of T cells varies: Cytotoxic T cells (T8 cells) attach to and attack antigens. Other T cells secrete interferons and interleukins that help cells respond to antigens. Helper T cells promote antibody synthesis by B cells and stimulate other T cells. Suppressor T cells inhibit B and T cells. The Immune Response Immunotherapy Examples Vaccines: killed tumor cells produce cytokines that enhance the immune response Dendritic cells: cultured and exposed outside body and reinfused Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb): multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells Donor lymphocyte infusions: T cells, infused after allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow transplant, attack tumor (leukemia treatment) Vocabulary – pages 554-555 Adenoids – mass of lymphatic tissue in nasopharynx Antibody – Protein produced by b cell lymphocytes to destroy antigens Antigen – substance body recognizes as foreign. Vocabulary Cervical nodes – lymph nodes in neck region. Inguinal nodes – lymph nodes in the groin region. Lymph – thin watery fluid found in lymphatic vessels Review Vocabulary Words Lymphatic and Immune Systems Combining Forms and prefixes p. 556 - 557 COMBINING FORMS immun/o lymph/o lymphaden/o splen/o thym/o tox/o protection lymph lymph node spleen thymus gland poison PREFIXES PREFIXES Prefix Meaning ana- again, anew inter- between Terminology autoimmune diseases Auto immun/o: protection Self protection http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0 mz33fLJGwQ immunoglobulin immun/o - protection Globulin - protein Protection protein http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H NP1EAYLhOs Immunosuppression immun/o -suppression: to stop To stop protection lymphopoiesis lymph/o: lymph -poiesis: formation Formation of lymph lymphedema lymph/o: lymph -edema: swelling lymph swelling http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gtx7Biosioc lymphocytopenia lymph/o - lymph cyt/o - cell -penia - deficiency Deficiency of lymph cells in the blood. lymphocytosis lymph/o: lymph -cytosis: increase in numbers of cells An increase in numbers of lymphocytes. lymphoid lymph/o -oid: resembling Derived from lymph. Lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland lymphadenopathy lymphaden/o: lymph node (gland) -pathy – disease condition Disease condition of lymph nodes. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzvbPnoqxQo lymphadenitis lymphaden/o – lymph node -itis - inflammation Inflammation of lymph nodes. splenomegaly splen/o: spleen -megaly - enlargement Enlargement of the spleen splenectomy splen/o -ectomy Removal of the spleen. hypersplenism hyper- excessive splen/o - spleen -ism – condition of Condition of excessive spleen A syndrome marked by splenomegaly (associated with anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia). thymoma thym/o: thymus gland -oma Tumor of the thymus gland Malignant http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYg yL0_-t0Q thymectomy thym/o -ectomy Removal of the thymus gland. toxic tox/o: poison -ic Pertaining to poison. anaphylaxis ana-: away from, backward, up, apart -phylaxis: protection Away from protection An exaggerated, life-threatening, hypersensitivity reaction to foreign proteins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTcL7 u05aUU interstitial fluid inter-: between -stitial: pertaining to standing or positioned Pertaining to fluid that is positioned between (body cells) Eventually becomes lymph fluid Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems Immunodeficiency Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells) opportunistic infections malignancies (Kaposi sarcoma, Wasting syndrome) Kaposi Sarcoma Opportunistic Infections with AIDS – Page 558 Candidiasis Cryptococcus (Crypto) Cryptosporidiosis Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection Herpes simplex Histoplasmosis (Histo) Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) Toxoplasmosis (Toxo) Tuberculosis (TB) HYPERSENSITIVITY – page 560 Allergy: abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen Ranges from allergic rhinitis or hay fever to anaphylaxis Other allergies: atopic dermatitis asthma urticaria (hives) Atopic Dermatitis MALIGNANCIES – page 560 Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue Hodgkin disease (Reed-Sternberg cell) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (follicular lymphoma, large cell lymphoma) Multiple myeloma: malignant tumor of bone marrow cells Thymoma: malignant tumor of the thymus Staging of Hodgkin Disease QUICK QUIZ: 3. What is a malignant condition associated with AIDS? A.anaphylaxis B.non-Hodgkin lymphoma C.Kaposi sarcoma D.Hodgkin disease Abbreviations – p. 563 AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome CD4+ Protein on T-cell helper lymphocyte that is infected with HIV in AIDS ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Test to detect anti-HIV antibodies Abbreviations HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus Causes AIDS PCP Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Opportunistic AIDS-related infection T4 T-cell lymphocyte that is destroyed by the AIDS virus (helper T cells) REVIEW SHEET COMBINING FORMS Suffix axill/o cervic/o Meaning armpit neck; cervix (neck of uterus) immun/o immune;protection;safe inguin/o lymph/o lymphaden/o groin lymph lymph gland (node) REVIEW SHEET COMBINING FORMS Suffix splen/o thym/o tox/o Meaning spleen thymus gland poison REVIEW SHEET SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning -cytosis condition of cells; slight increase in numbers -edema -globulin -megaly -oid -pathy swelling protein enlargement resembling disease; emotion REVIEW SHEET SUFFIXES Suffix -penia -phylaxis -poiesis -stitial Meaning deficiency protection formation or to set; pertaining to standing positioned -suppression to stop REVIEW SHEET PREFIXES Suffix anaautohyperinterretro- Meaning up; apart; backward; again; anew self; own above; excessive between behind; back; backward QUICK QUIZ: 4. What is the fluid that lies between cells throughout the body? A. B. C. D. atopy lymphadema interstitial lymphopoiesis The End