Download 02 Physiology of leukocytes

PHYSIOLOGY OF
LEUKOCYTES
BLOOD TYPES
Function of leukocytes
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1. Protective
2. Transport
3. Metabolic
4. Regenerator
Quantity of leukocytes and their
changes
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White cells are nucleated and somewhat variable in size and
shape. Their number is 4-9•Giga per liter. The number of
lymphocytes are – 18-37 %,
monocytes – 3-11 %,
eosinophils –0,5-5 %,
basophils – 0-1 %,
juvenile neutrophile – 0-1 %,
relating to stab (rod-shaped) neutrophil – 1-6 %,
segmented neutrophil – 47-72 %.
The number of leukocytes may increase or decrease.
Development of monocytes
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common progenitor cell –
uncommited stem cell –
commited stem cell –
monoblast –
promonocyte –
monocyte –
tissue macrophage.
Development of lymphocytes
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common progenitor cell –
bone marrow lymphocytes precursor –
lymphoblast –
prolymphocyte –
large lymphocyte –
small lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes in the fetus are thought to arise
first in the thymus. Later they are found in
lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid
tissues as well as in bone marrow.
Development of gtanulocytes
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common progenitor cell –
uncommited stem cell –
commited stem cell –
myeloblast (basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil)
– promyelocyte –
myelocyte –
metamyelocyte –
juvenile –
rod-shaped neutrophil (basophil, eosinophil),
segmented neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil.
Functional features of
neutrophils
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Located in the bloodstream up to 20
hours, quickly migrate into tissue,
mucous membranes, where they live
about 3 days. Days produced 100 • 109
granulocytes.
Neutrophils phagocytosis of bacteria,
fungi, and tissue breakdown products of
its enzymes break down hydrogen
peroxide.
In addition to responses to infection,
neutrophils also secrete transkobalamin.
For neutrophils can determine the sex of
the person: the presence of the female
genotype neutrophils "Drumsticks".
Functional features of
eosinophilic granulocytes
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Stay period of eosinophils in the blood is very
short. Especially many of these cells in the
mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract,
respiratory tract and urinary organs. Number
eosinophils is subject to fluctuations during the
day: the day of eosinophils approximately 20%
less, and in the night by 30 % compared with an
average number . These oscillations are associated
with the level of secretion of glucocorticoids
adrenal cortex . Increase of corticoids leads to a
decrease in eosinophils and vice versa. This
functional test Thorne .
Features : 1) anti-allergic , and 2) phagocytic .
Eosinophils contain histaminase , which
neutralizes histamine, which abound with
allergies.
Functional features of basophilic
granulocytes
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The residence time of cells in the
bloodstream for about 12 hours.
They are capable of phagocytosis.
Granules in the cytoplasm of
basophils stained intensely
basophilic dyes and contain heparin
and histamine, which actively affect
the blood vessels.
Functional features of
lymphocytes
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Lymphocytes are formed in the
lymph nodes, spleen, retrosternal
gland, appendix and bone marrow.
They play a major role in shaping the
immune system and carry out
immune surveillance.
After the bone marrow of the
lymphocyte differentiation in the
thymus is (retrosternal gland) and
converted into T-lymphocytes. Other
cells undergo differentiation in the
lymphoid tissue of the tonsils,
appendix, intestines Peyer's plaques B-lymphocytes.
Physiological role of lymphocytes
Function of T-lymphocytes:
 1. Immune memory.
 2. Anti viruses immunity.
 3. Anti tissue immunity.
 4. Regulate phagocytosis.
Function of В-lymphocytes:
 1. Immune memory.
 2. Specific immunity. B-lymphocytes syntheses the
immunoglobulins such as IgM, IgN, IgA, IgG, IgB,
IgE.
Functional features of monocytes
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Formed in the bone marrow. As blood is about 72
hours. From blood monocytes entering into the
surrounding tissue. Here they grow, the content of
lysosomes and mitochondria increases. Upon
reaching maturity, monocytes are converted to fixed
cells or tissue macrophages. These cells are in
connective tissue and are called histiocytes, in the
liver - Kuppherovsky‘s cells, in the lungs - alveolar
macrophages, in spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes,
glia, pleura - macrophages.
System of mononucleares
phagocytes
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These is the system,
which common the
cells with one
nucleus, common
origin from red bone
marrow, common
function of high
specific phagocytosis
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The specific functional
characteristics of
macrophages is
phagocytosis of
microorganisms, tumor
cells, collecting and
directing lymphocytes
to the antigenic
material, the formation
of tissue growth factor,
pinocytosis
LEUKOCYTE FORMULA
The index of nuclear’s changing of
neutrophyls, it interpretation
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NCN=(M+J+S1)/S2, where
M – myelocytes,
J– juvenile,
S1 – stab neutrophils,
S2 – segmented neutrophils
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Norm is 0,06-0,09
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Blood types
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Blood types is the common of normal antigens
signs, which are combined on immunologic
and genetic bases
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There are erythrocytes
leukocytes and
serum blood types
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Model of erythrocyte membranes with embedded molecules of different blood
group systems. Such systems currently known 25 (AB0, Rh, Cromer, Diego,
Duffy, MNS, Lewis, etc.), and they include more than 300 different antigens
History of the discovery of blood
groups
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In 1900, the Austrian
physician Karl Landsteiner
published the results of
studies, which showed that all
people have three blood types.
Prague, Jan Jansky doctor
found that people are not 3,
and 4 blood groups and gave
them refer to Roman
numerals: I, II, III, IV.
Agglutination
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Agglutination ( Latin agglutinatio adhesive) - this process is irreversible
agglutination of red blood cells under
the influence of antibodies. It is usually
accompanied by hemolysis . The same
happens in the bloodstream transfusion
of incompatible blood .
Agglutination of red blood cells is the
result of antigen-antibody reaction . In
the erythrocyte membrane are
complexes with antigenic properties.
These antigenic complexes called
agglutinogens . They interact with
specific antibodies dissolved in plasma agglutinins . Normally, blood is no
agglutinins in their own erythrocytes.
Attention!
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The blood of every
human individual
contains a set of specific
erythrocyte
agglutinogens.
Everyone has only her
characteristic set of
antigens.
In practice, now we take
into account basically
two antigenic systems a AB0 and CDE.
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Under this system, human erythrocytes are divided
according to the antigenic structure into four groups:
without antigen (now known that this antigen H)
antigens A, B, AB.
Plasma under natural antibodies are conventionally
denoted: αβ; β; α and missing.
Thus, people are distinguished combination of
antigens and antibodies in the system AB0:
0(І)αβ ;
А(ІІ)β ;
В(ІІІ)α;
АВ(ІV).
ABO Blood Groups
Plasma
Plasma
Plasma
Plasma
Average Percents
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Type O—46%
Type A—40%
Type B—10%
Type AB—4%
Determination of blood in the
system AB0 by standard sera
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On clean white plane after their
entries for glass, apply a standard
serum first, second and third blood
group two series. In each of drops of
standard serum angle net of glass,
make ten times smaller amount of
blood, and after 2-3 minutes add one
drop of saline. With the advent of
agglutination observed within 5
minutes. Install blood type. In the
case of four blood groups, conduct
additional determination of standard
serum group.
В(ІІІ)α
Determination of blood in the system
AB0 by monoclonal antibodies
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Pure white plane for glass
divided into 4 sections: anti-A,
anti-B, anti-D and control. Put
in the relevant sector 1 drop of
monoclonal antibodies anti-A,
anti-B, anti-D and the control
saline NaCl. Angle of glass
make ten times smaller amount
of blood in two drops of
monoclonal antibodies.
Observation of the reaction on
the plate shaking for 2.5
minutes.
В(ІІІ)α,
Rh+
System СDЕ (rhesus)
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Natural antibodies to the Rh blood group system
there. They can only be acquired , immune (during
pregnancy when there is ingestion of Rh (-) women
through the vessels of the placenta Rh (+)
erythrocytes of the fetus).
Mechanism of Rh conflict in pregnancy: immune
antibodies formed in the body of Rh -negative women
pregnant Rh-positive fetus, have the ability to cross
the placenta into the body of the fetus, its cause
hemolysis of erythrocytes. During labor in the blood
of a newborn baby comes many antibodies and
developed hemolytic disease.
Antibodies can get newborn and mother's milk .
Rhesus conflict Pregnancy
Leukocytes blood types
1. Common
antigens of
leukocytes (HLA
system)
 2. Antigens of
granulocytes.
 3. Antigens of
lymphocytes.
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Transfusion of blood
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We must transfused only blood of one groop
with recipient!!!
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Before the transfusion we must do the test on individual blood
compatibility
in AB0 system
in DCE system
Biological test
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