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PHYSIOLOGY OF LEUKOCYTES BLOOD TYPES Function of leukocytes 1. Protective 2. Transport 3. Metabolic 4. Regenerator Quantity of leukocytes and their changes White cells are nucleated and somewhat variable in size and shape. Their number is 4-9•Giga per liter. The number of lymphocytes are – 18-37 %, monocytes – 3-11 %, eosinophils –0,5-5 %, basophils – 0-1 %, juvenile neutrophile – 0-1 %, relating to stab (rod-shaped) neutrophil – 1-6 %, segmented neutrophil – 47-72 %. The number of leukocytes may increase or decrease. Development of monocytes common progenitor cell – uncommited stem cell – commited stem cell – monoblast – promonocyte – monocyte – tissue macrophage. Development of lymphocytes common progenitor cell – bone marrow lymphocytes precursor – lymphoblast – prolymphocyte – large lymphocyte – small lymphocyte. Lymphocytes in the fetus are thought to arise first in the thymus. Later they are found in lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues as well as in bone marrow. Development of gtanulocytes common progenitor cell – uncommited stem cell – commited stem cell – myeloblast (basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil) – promyelocyte – myelocyte – metamyelocyte – juvenile – rod-shaped neutrophil (basophil, eosinophil), segmented neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil. Functional features of neutrophils Located in the bloodstream up to 20 hours, quickly migrate into tissue, mucous membranes, where they live about 3 days. Days produced 100 • 109 granulocytes. Neutrophils phagocytosis of bacteria, fungi, and tissue breakdown products of its enzymes break down hydrogen peroxide. In addition to responses to infection, neutrophils also secrete transkobalamin. For neutrophils can determine the sex of the person: the presence of the female genotype neutrophils "Drumsticks". Functional features of eosinophilic granulocytes Stay period of eosinophils in the blood is very short. Especially many of these cells in the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and urinary organs. Number eosinophils is subject to fluctuations during the day: the day of eosinophils approximately 20% less, and in the night by 30 % compared with an average number . These oscillations are associated with the level of secretion of glucocorticoids adrenal cortex . Increase of corticoids leads to a decrease in eosinophils and vice versa. This functional test Thorne . Features : 1) anti-allergic , and 2) phagocytic . Eosinophils contain histaminase , which neutralizes histamine, which abound with allergies. Functional features of basophilic granulocytes The residence time of cells in the bloodstream for about 12 hours. They are capable of phagocytosis. Granules in the cytoplasm of basophils stained intensely basophilic dyes and contain heparin and histamine, which actively affect the blood vessels. Functional features of lymphocytes Lymphocytes are formed in the lymph nodes, spleen, retrosternal gland, appendix and bone marrow. They play a major role in shaping the immune system and carry out immune surveillance. After the bone marrow of the lymphocyte differentiation in the thymus is (retrosternal gland) and converted into T-lymphocytes. Other cells undergo differentiation in the lymphoid tissue of the tonsils, appendix, intestines Peyer's plaques B-lymphocytes. Physiological role of lymphocytes Function of T-lymphocytes: 1. Immune memory. 2. Anti viruses immunity. 3. Anti tissue immunity. 4. Regulate phagocytosis. Function of В-lymphocytes: 1. Immune memory. 2. Specific immunity. B-lymphocytes syntheses the immunoglobulins such as IgM, IgN, IgA, IgG, IgB, IgE. Functional features of monocytes Formed in the bone marrow. As blood is about 72 hours. From blood monocytes entering into the surrounding tissue. Here they grow, the content of lysosomes and mitochondria increases. Upon reaching maturity, monocytes are converted to fixed cells or tissue macrophages. These cells are in connective tissue and are called histiocytes, in the liver - Kuppherovsky‘s cells, in the lungs - alveolar macrophages, in spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, glia, pleura - macrophages. System of mononucleares phagocytes These is the system, which common the cells with one nucleus, common origin from red bone marrow, common function of high specific phagocytosis The specific functional characteristics of macrophages is phagocytosis of microorganisms, tumor cells, collecting and directing lymphocytes to the antigenic material, the formation of tissue growth factor, pinocytosis LEUKOCYTE FORMULA The index of nuclear’s changing of neutrophyls, it interpretation NCN=(M+J+S1)/S2, where M – myelocytes, J– juvenile, S1 – stab neutrophils, S2 – segmented neutrophils Norm is 0,06-0,09 Blood types Blood types is the common of normal antigens signs, which are combined on immunologic and genetic bases There are erythrocytes leukocytes and serum blood types Model of erythrocyte membranes with embedded molecules of different blood group systems. Such systems currently known 25 (AB0, Rh, Cromer, Diego, Duffy, MNS, Lewis, etc.), and they include more than 300 different antigens History of the discovery of blood groups In 1900, the Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner published the results of studies, which showed that all people have three blood types. Prague, Jan Jansky doctor found that people are not 3, and 4 blood groups and gave them refer to Roman numerals: I, II, III, IV. Agglutination Agglutination ( Latin agglutinatio adhesive) - this process is irreversible agglutination of red blood cells under the influence of antibodies. It is usually accompanied by hemolysis . The same happens in the bloodstream transfusion of incompatible blood . Agglutination of red blood cells is the result of antigen-antibody reaction . In the erythrocyte membrane are complexes with antigenic properties. These antigenic complexes called agglutinogens . They interact with specific antibodies dissolved in plasma agglutinins . Normally, blood is no agglutinins in their own erythrocytes. Attention! The blood of every human individual contains a set of specific erythrocyte agglutinogens. Everyone has only her characteristic set of antigens. In practice, now we take into account basically two antigenic systems a AB0 and CDE. Under this system, human erythrocytes are divided according to the antigenic structure into four groups: without antigen (now known that this antigen H) antigens A, B, AB. Plasma under natural antibodies are conventionally denoted: αβ; β; α and missing. Thus, people are distinguished combination of antigens and antibodies in the system AB0: 0(І)αβ ; А(ІІ)β ; В(ІІІ)α; АВ(ІV). ABO Blood Groups Plasma Plasma Plasma Plasma Average Percents Type O—46% Type A—40% Type B—10% Type AB—4% Determination of blood in the system AB0 by standard sera On clean white plane after their entries for glass, apply a standard serum first, second and third blood group two series. In each of drops of standard serum angle net of glass, make ten times smaller amount of blood, and after 2-3 minutes add one drop of saline. With the advent of agglutination observed within 5 minutes. Install blood type. In the case of four blood groups, conduct additional determination of standard serum group. В(ІІІ)α Determination of blood in the system AB0 by monoclonal antibodies Pure white plane for glass divided into 4 sections: anti-A, anti-B, anti-D and control. Put in the relevant sector 1 drop of monoclonal antibodies anti-A, anti-B, anti-D and the control saline NaCl. Angle of glass make ten times smaller amount of blood in two drops of monoclonal antibodies. Observation of the reaction on the plate shaking for 2.5 minutes. В(ІІІ)α, Rh+ System СDЕ (rhesus) Natural antibodies to the Rh blood group system there. They can only be acquired , immune (during pregnancy when there is ingestion of Rh (-) women through the vessels of the placenta Rh (+) erythrocytes of the fetus). Mechanism of Rh conflict in pregnancy: immune antibodies formed in the body of Rh -negative women pregnant Rh-positive fetus, have the ability to cross the placenta into the body of the fetus, its cause hemolysis of erythrocytes. During labor in the blood of a newborn baby comes many antibodies and developed hemolytic disease. Antibodies can get newborn and mother's milk . Rhesus conflict Pregnancy Leukocytes blood types 1. Common antigens of leukocytes (HLA system) 2. Antigens of granulocytes. 3. Antigens of lymphocytes. Transfusion of blood We must transfused only blood of one groop with recipient!!! Before the transfusion we must do the test on individual blood compatibility in AB0 system in DCE system Biological test