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Bio212
Laboratory 1
Blood and Blood Typing
1
Objectives for Lab 1
•
•
•
Be able to read and interpret a blood typing card
(agglutination reaction) and determine blood type
from what you see
Understand what determines blood type and under
what circumstances a transfusion reaction may
occur, i.e., what serum antibodies must be present
for a reaction to take place
Be able to distinguish the formed elements of blood
under the microscope or from a photomicrograph,
and know the approximate percentage of each type
of leukocyte
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Neutrophils
• light blue granules in acid-base
stain
• lobed nucleus
• other names
• segs
• polymorphonuclear
leukocyte (PMNs)
• bands (young neutrophils)
• first to arrive at infections
• phagocytic
• 54% - 62% of leukocyte
• elevated in bacterial infections
3
Basophils
• deep blue granules from
basic stain
• release histamine
• release heparin
• less than 1% of
leukocytes
4
Eosinophils
• deep red granules in acid
stain
• bilobed nucleus
• moderate allergic reactions
• defend against parasitic
worm infestations
• 1% - 3% of leukocytes
• elevated in worm
infestations and allergic
reactions
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Monocytes
• largest blood cell
• kidney-shaped or oval
nuclei
• leave bloodstream to
become macrophages
• 3% - 9% of leukocytes
• elevated in typhoid fever,
malaria, tuberculosis
6
Lymphocytes
• about the size of RBC
• large spherical nuclei
• thin rims of cytoplasm
• T cells
• B cells
• important in immunity
• produce antibodies
• 25% - 33% of
leukocytes
• decreased T Cells in
AIDS
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Antigens and Antibodies
• The major function of the immune system is
to distinguish ‘self’ from ‘non-self’
• Antigens are glycoproteins that can
potentially trigger an immune response
(agglutinogens)
• An antibody is a protein that binds
specifically to a particular antigen
(agglutinins)
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ABO Blood Group
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Agglutination
*
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Blood Agglutination
Anti-D = Rh factor
Agglutination
(positive rexn)
Homogeneous “lawn”
of RBCs (negative rexn)
Figure From: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
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Preferred and Permissible Blood
Types for Transfusion
NOTE:
Type AB is a universal recipient
Type O is a universal donor
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Rh Blood Group Factor
Several antigens,
most important is
antigen D
If any Rh antigens
present, blood is
Rh+
Anti-Rh antibodies
develop after
exposure of an Rhindividual to Rh+
blood.
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Determining if a transfusion reaction will occur
1. When transfusing ‘packed red cells’, only RBCs will
be transfused from donor to recipient
2. Must consider ONLY if the antibodies present in the
recipient’s plasma will react with the donor’s RBCs.
Example: Transfusing CELLS from a type B donor to a
type A recipient.
Cells
Plasma
Cells
Plasma
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Review
BLOOD TYPE
A
B
AB
O
Antigen on RBC’s
A
B
A and B
neither A or B
Antibodies in plasma
B
A
neither A or B
both A and B
Compatible donors
A, O
B, O
AB, A, B, O
O
Incompatible donors
B, AB
A, AB
NONE
A, B, AB
Genotype
IAIA OR IAi
IBIB, IBi
IAIB
ii
Phenotype
type A
type B
type AB
type O
AB = universal recipient, O = universal donor
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Things you should do in lab today
• Examine the blood slide (#20) under the microscope
– Blood slide – be able to recognize and distinguish
among the different types of cells as well as platelets
– Might want to try a differential count (100 cells)
– Refer to your
• Hole’s Lab Manual for pictures/guidance
• See Lab Guide (handout) checklist of cells for which you
are responsible for Laboratory Exercise #1
• Test your blood (work with a partner)
– Use the Eldoncard kits to test YOUR OWN blood;
see the instructions in your Lab Guide
– Determine your blood type
– Fill out Lab Report sheet and hand in today
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Things you should do in lab today
• For those of you who don’t want to, or should not, test
your own blood
– Use the synthetic test kits to test ONE OF THE
SAMPLES of synthetic blood; see the instructions in
your Lab Guide
– Determine the blood type
– BE SURE TO INDICATE THE NUMBER OF THE
SAMPLE YOU TESTED ON YOUR HAND-IN
SHEET!!
– Fill out Lab Report sheet and hand in
– Please be sure to sign Lab Safety Rules sheet
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Next Lab…
• Suggest that you label the following exercises
in preparation for examining models and
learning blood vessels
• See Blood/Cardiovascular links on Web site
• Heart Models
– Exercise 38 in Hole’s Lab Manual
• Blood vessels
– Exercise 40 in Hole’s Lab Manual
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